Simulation of an Ionian volcano using DSMC

Results of a simulation of a condensing volcano on Io using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. Mach number contours are shown in color with velocity streamlines overlaid. The volcano is axi-symmetric about the left edge of the figure. Sulfur-dioxide gas is exhausted vertically at Mach three from a volcanic vent eight kilometers in radius (lower left of figure). As the plume rises it expands and cools which increases the Mach number. A canopy-shaped shock then turns the flow outward (seen at altitude of approximately 75km). The outward moving gas continues to cool due to expansion and also accelerates toward the surface, causing the flow to again become supersonic. Another shock (often referred to as the re-entry shock) then slows the falling gas and turns it outward again. The gas then condenses onto the cold surface of Io (lower edge of figure).

Single Species Volcanic Plume

This movie shows the evolution of a volcanic plume. The property plotted is the plume temperature. The formation of the canopy shock can be clearly seen in the movie, also a re-entry shock is formed when the gas falls down toward the ground.

Tvashtar Flyover Movie