Kellyn Andrews, Dana Bethel
                                                                      
                 Troy Barton, Jacob Bellonzi
Time Line 
The Old Regime: Reign of King Louis XVI (1774-1792) 
. Marie Antoinette- was married to Louis the XVI at the age of 14 and
he was 15. They ruled together. She came from Austria to France and
was unpopular, because the two countries were long time enemies. She
was never in touch with her people. 
Cardinal Fleury (1653-1743)- French ecclesiastical historian, a Roman
Catholic priest, confessor to Louis XV, and author of the learned and
unbiased Histoire ecclésiastique. This great work, in 20 volumes,
occupied him for 30 years. 

financial and administrative problems- The third estate had 3 groups
city-dwelling, farmers, and urban lower class. When the taxes went up
these people had a hard time fending for them selves. Poor people
often went hungry. The 3 estates caused much inequality.
Demands of the Nobility-  The nobles wanted all of the estates to
follow old rules, so that the nobles dominated the society. They had
the king on their side so they overpowered the 3rd estate.
Identify "Jacques Turgot" (1727-1781)- French economist, comptroller
general of finances (1774–76). The son of a rich merchant, he showed
precocious ability at school and at the Sorbonne. He early abandoned
plans to enter the priesthood, and in 1752 he entered the royal
administration. From 1761 to 1774 he was intendant of Limoges. After
writing his Lettres sur la tolérance (1753–54), Turgot wrote on
economic subjects, 

Identify "Jacques Necker" (1732-1804)- French financier and statesman,
b. Geneva, Switzerland. In 1750 he went to Paris and entered banking.
He rose rapidly to importance, established a bank of his own, and
became a director of the French East India Company
Explain Louis Reign- Louis was a weak ruler, he became king in 1774,
he was kind hearted, but did not put pressure on important matters.
His government was deeply in dept; Louis had borrowed money to help
America fight Great Britain. He wanted to tax nobles, but nobles
refused and he was forced to tax 3rd estate. 
The Estates General (1788) 
First Estate-The First Estate consisted of the Nobles, they had the
most power. The class consisted of, archbishops, bishops, and abbots.
French clergy gave no taxes to the government, but they gave a free
gift, which was about 2 percent of their income.
Second Estate- Nobles made up about 2 percent of the population, but
they owned about 20 percent of the land. They also held the highest
offices in the church, the army, the government, and the courts of
law. They paid no taxes, the refusal to pay taxes caused the revolution.
Bourgeoisie- originally the name for the inhabitants of walled towns
in medieval France; as artisans and craftsmen, the bourgeoisie
occupied a socioeconomic position between the peasants and the
landlords in the countryside. 

Proletariat- the class of wage earners, esp. those who earn their
living by manual labor or who are dependent for support on daily or
casual employment the class of exploited workers and wage earners who
depend on the sale of their labor for their means of existence. 

Third Estate-This is the lowest point in society, the people were
mostly poor farmers, or low urban class. They often went hungry. In
1789 they revolted against taxes, became the National Assembly and
took power.
Peasant life in France- Life for peasants was never wonderful, they
often went to bed hungry, because of the high price in food for them.
They were apart of the 3rd Estate who were charged taxes to pay off
dept. that Louis had gained. 
gabelle- a tax;  .a tax on salt, abolished in 1790. 

corv'ee- The peasants owned corv'ee, it was a form of tax that was
paid with work rather than money. Every year the peasants were to work
on roads with no pay for a certain number of hours.
The Middle Class- Members were lawyers, doctors, manufacturers,
bankers, merchants, and shopkeepers. Many were educated and believed
in Enlightenment. They dressed like nobles, but lacked the political
status and power
Urban workers- the workers of France were butchers brewer, tanners,
peddlers, cooks, servants, and others. They formed a group within the
3rd Estate. They did not dress in nice clothes, but plan shirts and
trousers. They were called sans-culottes.
King Louis XVI summons the Estates General (1788) 
Identify "Elections for the Estates General"- In France church leaders
were known as the First Estate and the great lords were known as the
Second Estate. The middle class representatives or delegates, became
the third estate. The whole meeting was called the Estates General.
Identify "Demands on the Monarchy"- The third estate demanded that all
three estates meet together. The votes of all the members would count
out equally. The 610 members of the 3rd Estate would out-number the
591 members of the First and Second Estate.
The Jacobins- political club of the French Revolution. Formed in 1789
by the Breton deputies to the States- General, it was reconstituted as
the Society of Friends of the Constitution after the revolutionary
National Assembly moved (Oct., 1789) to Paris. The club derived its
popular name from the monastery of the Jacobins (Parisian name of
Dominicans), where the members met. 
Voting By Order-  
The Third Estate proclaims itself to be the National Assembly (1789) 
Identify "The Tennis Court Oath"- 
Identify "Louis XVI versus the National Assembly"- The National
Assembly was the 3rd Estate that revolted against the King because of
the high taxes that he was forcing them to pay so that he could pay
off his dept. In the end the National Assembly won the fight.
A Paris Mob storms the Bastille (1789) 
Describe what happened- The king had the nobles meet with the National
assembly and at the  same time he ordered troops to  march towards
Paris, to break up national assembly. There were riots in Paris and
caused the fall of the Bastille. 
Jacques Necker's restoration- 1732–1804, French statesman, born in
Switzerland.

Jean Bailly's promotion (1736-1793)- 
Marquis de Lafayette's promotion (1757-1834)- 
How did the revolt affect most aristocrats?- The aritorates had much
less power after the Fall of Bastille. The National Assembly gained so
much power from their Rrevolt.
The Great Fear Sweeps the French countryside (1789) 
Describe- The revolts spread from village to village. Peasants banded
together and hide from the brigands that the nobles hired to terrorize
them. The brigands never came so the peasants became brigands
themselves. Many  riots broke out and caused many problems.
Effects-  The effects were acts vandalism ,on nobles homes. King Louis
left his palace with his famly and never went back.
The National Assembly approves the Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the citizen (1789) 
Describe the Declaration of the Rights of Man- the National Assembly
adopted a set of revolutionary ideas that stated that all man are born
free and remain free for their whole lives. There were many articles
like the one above. The Declaration of the rights of man was very
similar to America's Declaration of Independence.
Declaration of the Rights of Women- of revolutionary- Revolutionist
Olympe de Gouges demanded the same rights for the women of France that
the men of France had.  In the declaration it stated women were just
and equal with men.
Mob Action (1789) Mobs had more power than any political power They
were poor but their leaders came from the bourgeoisie. They executed
Louis the XIV.
Political Clubs- Both men and Women joined political clubs in the
middle class. The most radical of these clubs was the Jacobin Club
where violent speech making wa the order of the day. Its members
wanted to remove the king and establish a Republic.
The Cordeliers- 
The Feuillants- 
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy(1789)-The clergy wanted a
constitution of rights, so it would have equal opertunities. The
clergy were the church officals. The wanted peace to come and they
wanted power.     
The National Assembly Enacts the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
The Constitution of 1791 establishes a constitutional monarchy (1791)
Necker’s resignation- When Jacques Necker was forced to resign in
1789, the masses stormed the Bastille in the first major eruption of
violence of the French Revolution. Necker’s final resignation came in
1790. He spent his years thereafter at "Coppet", his Swiss estate.
Mirabeau-In 1789, Honore Gabriel Riquetti Comte de Mirabeau was
elected a delegate of the third estate for Aix-en-Provence in the
States-General. In May 1790, Mirabeau entered the pay of the king and
queen and wrote a series of advisory notes to them, though he had
never truly gained their trust, particularly the queen’s.
Mirabeau’s death- Mirabeau died in April 1797, among impressive clear
demonstrations of public sorrow and respect, for he had never fallen
out of favor with the masses. He was buried in the Pantheon, but his
body was later removed when his dealings with the court were
discovered. 
Louis XVI and family flee but captured- In June 1791, Louis and the
rest of the royal family attempted to flee France in disguise.
However, they were soon captured at Varennes, and their attempted
escape was considered proof of their treasonable dealings with foreign
powers.
Louis accepts New Constitution (September 14, 1791)- Soon after Louis
XVI and his family was apprehended, Louis was forced to sign the
constitution of 1791, which limited his power, but allowed for him to
keep the royal veto and his power to appoint ministers.

Legislative Assembly convenes(1791-92)
47. Conservatives- Those who opposed more changes in government. They
trusted the king and upheld the idea of limited monarchy.
48. Moderates(centrists)- These term began with the French Revolution. 
49. Girondists- Members of a French political party that began during
the French revolution.
50. Mountain- Alps.
51. Intervention of Foreign Powers1791-92)- The intervention of
foreign powers was the invention of the guillotine.
52. Austria-Prussia Alliance- Britain, Spain, and Portugal joined
Prussia and Austria in an alliance, know as the First Coalition.
53. France’s Legislative Assembly declares war(April 20, 1792)-Prussia
joins Austria against France. By the summer of 1792, enemy armies were
advancing toward Paris. 
The Legislative Assembly deposes King Louis XVI and calls for the
election of the National Convention (1792)
54. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity- The slogan of the revolution.
55. Radical Takeover- During the summer of 1792, the leaders of the
mobs on the streets had more real power than any governmental
assembly. Although the mobs were poor, their leaders came from the
bourgeoise. A radical club named Jacobin Club where violent
speechmakers.
56. Robespierre- Maximilien Robespierre was one of the few members of
the Jacobin Club who didn’t dress like a revolutionary. His nickname
was Incorruptible, he never enriched himself at the public expense.
His period in power is fittingly known as The Right of Terror.
57. Danton- Georges Danton was the leader of the Paris commune. He was
fearless and devoted to the rights of Paris’s poor. He used his talent
for speechmaking to win political leadership.
58. Marat- Jean Paul Marat was a thin, thigh-strung, sickly man who
had hoped to win fame for his scientific research. He edited a radical
newspaper called the Friend of the People. Danton and Marat were two
of the radical leaders. They set the revolution on a new and violent
path with the help of the Paris mob. 
59. Sans-culottes- Urban workers who are without knee breeches. They
wore loose-fitting trousers
60. King Louis XVI is executed (1793)- He was good hearted and
generous. He was not a strong leader. He was married to Marie
Antoinette. A machine called the guillotine on January 21, 1793
beheaded him.
The Reign of Terror begins (1793)
61. Committee of public safety- Robespierre formed the Committee of
public Safety in the summer of 1793. Robespierre decided who should be
judged an enemy of the republic. He governed France nearly as a
dictator from July 1793 to July 1794.
62. Jacobins- Jacobins had thousands of enemies within France itself.
Jacobin Club where violent speechmakers. They wanted to remove the
king and establish a republic. 
63. Republic of virtue- Robespierre and his supporters out to build
the Republic of Virtue.
64. Justifications of extreme violence- The Terror left at least
40,000 people dead.
65. Revolutionary tribunal- The Thermidorian reaction was the revolt
against Robespierre.
66. How many dead- At least 3,000 people were executed in Paris. All
together 40,000 were killed.
The National Convention abolishes the monarchy (1792)
67. The war of the First Coalition is fought (1792-1797)- In the fall
of 1792, Britain, Spain, and Portugal joined Prussia and Austria in
the alliance known as the First Coalition.
68.lev-ee en masse-
69. Coalition- Coalition is a temporary alliance between groups who
are usually on different sides.
70. French military victories- French defeat the Austrians and
Prussians.
71. Treaty of Basel-
The Thermidorean Reaction ends the Reign of Terror (1794)
72. Thermidor- On the new revolutionary calendar, July was called
Thermidor from the French word for "heat."
73. Guillotine- it was invented by a doctor as a better way of
execution than an ax. 
The National Convention drafts the Constitution of 1795
74. Who controlled it?- Napoleon Bonaparte.
75. How was it controlled- By five directors.
76. Council of Elders-
77. Dissolving of the National Convention- an army of royalist
threatened the palace where the National Convention was meeting.
Bonaparte defends the palace. 





    
Napoleon Bonaparte
Time Line

Napoleon Bonaparte is born in Corsica (1769-1821)
Birth and Childhood-
Napoleon was born of Carlo and Letizia Bonaparte, He was sent to
French Military schools at Brienne and Paris starting in 1779. He
received commission in the artillery in 1785. After the outbreak of
the French Revolution he attempted to join the Corsican patriots, who
were being led by Pasquale Paoli. He failed to enter because his
family was thought to be pro-French. His family was soon condemned for
its opposition to Corsican independence from France and they fled the
island shortly after the outbreak of civil war in April 1793.
Napoleon was a very short man, he knew it and he thought it a terrible
curse brought upon his person. In a way, his larger than life liberal
and opinionated personality, or the "Napoleonic complex" was a way to
make up for his shortcomings in height. He was a boisterous little man
and had his own way of doing things. Whether he stepped on others on
his way to conquest was not his concern. Napoleons only concern
succeeding in the conquest.
In the end, Napoleon was at the top. He took as a consort Marie
Josephine Rose Tascher de La Pagerie. She had been married before to
Alexandre de Beauharnais in 1779. Two children were born, Eugene
(later viceroy of Italy) and Hortense (later queen of Holland. But her
husband was guillotined during the French Revolution in 1794, but she
escaped with brief imprisonment. In 1794, in a civil ceremony,
Josephine and Napoleon were married. Before Napoleon became emperor
they were married through the proper religious ceremony of his creed.
She became the empress of the French with Napoleon as the emperor of
France. Napoleon had the wedding annulled in 1809 because of her
alleged infertility, so that he might marry Marie Louise, daughter of
the Austrian emperor Francis I (formerly Holy Roman Emperor Francis II)

Early Military Successes (1796)-
Bonaparte made his way up and left for duty as commander in chief of
the army of Italy in March, 1796 (after marrying Josephine). Assuming
command of an ill-supplied army, he succeeded in making it into a
first class fighting machine, finely tuned and ready for battle. This
brilliant success was brought on by Three innovations by Napoleon. His
supply system, which he made virtually independent of the financially
exhausted Directory by allowing the troops to live off the land; his
reliance on speed and massed surprise attacks by small but compact
units against the Austrian forces; and his influence over the morale
of his soldiers. Napoleon swept across Northern Italy, forcing
Sardinia to sign a separate peace in May 1976. After his victory at
Lodi (May 10), he entered into Milan (14th May) and laid seige upon
the city-state of Mantua (July 1796). Finally came the victories of
Arcole (November 1796) and Rivoli (January 1797) and the fall of
Mantua (February 1797).
Napoleon began to cross the alps toward Vienna. However the slow
advance of the French armies to the north in Germany and the danger of
being cut off in the rear caused him to arrange the truce of Leoben in
April of 1797. He did that without instructions from Paris also.


Napoleon Fights his Egyptian Campaign 1798-1799
And Lord Horatio Nelson’s role (1758-1805)
Now the idol of half of Europe, Bonaparte returned to France. His plan
for an invasion of Britain across the channel was canceled, and he
made alternative plans to crush the British Empire by striking at
Egypt and, ultimately, at India. The plan was supported by Charles
Maurice de Tallyrand and by the directors. Bonaparte sailed in May,
1798, succeeded in evading Horatio Nelson, and took Malta on the way
to Egypt. Shortly after landing at Aboukir (Abu Qir), he won a
brilliant victory over the Mamluks in the battle of the Pyramids
(July, 1798). His successes, however, were made useless when the
French fleet was utterly destroyed (Aug. 1–2) by Nelson in Aboukir
Bay. The Ottoman Empire, of which Egypt was a province, declared war
on France. A French expedition to Syria was repelled at Acre. Back in
Egypt, Napoleon defeated Ottoman forces attempting to land at Aboukir
(July, 1799). 

War of the Second Coalition is fought (1798-1801)
Meanwhile, in Europe matters were going from bad to worse for the
French. They were expelled from Italy by the forces of the Second
Coalition, and at home the Directory faced political ruin.
Unannounced, Napoleon returned to France, leaving General Kléber in
charge of a hopeless situation in Egypt, and joined a conspiracy
already hatched by Emmanuel Seiyes, one of the directors.

Treaty of Amiens (1802)-
While establishing the regime at home, Napoleon also dealt with
France's enemies (1800), crossing the St. Bernard pass and defeating
(June 14) the Austrians at Marengo, Italy. With the Treaty of
Lunéville (1801) with Austria and the Treaty of Amiens (1802) with
Great Britain, the Second Coalition was ended and France became
paramount on the Continent. Napoleon's ambition did not rest. In Aug.,
1802, a plebiscite approved his becoming first consul for life; a
modified constitution, that of the year X, came into force. In the
same year he incorporated Piedmont into France.

Napoleon Bonaparte seizes control and becomes first consul (1799)-

The Directory was overthrown by the coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire(Nov.
9–10, 1799), and the Consulatewas established with Bonaparte as first
consul. The autocratic constitution of the year VIII was accepted by
plebiscite. In effect, the constitution established the dictatorship
of Bonaparte. As Consul, Napoleon made a point of ruling as a
civilian, but he was more authoritarian than Louis XVI. Napoleon
declared that France had finished with the "romance of the
revolution." He centralized the administration, while giving local
prefects considerable power in executing the policies of the central
government. Officials and military officers were recruited from
several strata of society and from all revolutionary factions,
including émigrés. However they were appointed, not elected, and
strict obedience was enforced.

The Concordat of 1801 establishes reconciliation between France and
the Papacy
Bonaparte's administrative reforms established an efficient modern
state that was capable of effectively mobilizing its resources and
afforded him vast patronage powers. He established the Bank of France.
He also made peace with the Roman Catholic Church by the Concordat of
1801, which reestablished the church in France, but bound it to the
success of his regime. He thereby neutralized the anti-revolutionary
priests who had encouraged peasant unrest since 1793. Church property
was not restored, but church unity and status were reestablished in
return for stricter submission to civil authorities. The legal system
was reformed with the Code Napoleon, which was begun before
Bonaparte's consulate but was marked by his priorities.

Pope Pius VII (1800-1823)
And Napoleon becomes first consul for life(1802)
And The Napoleonic Empire (1804)
While warfare languished, Napoleon took advantage of the plot of
Georges Cadoudal against his life, seized and executed the duc
d'Eighten, and had himself proclaimed emperor of the French by a
subservient senate and tribunate (May, 1804). Confirmation by a
plebiscite was a foregone conclusion, and on Dec. 2, in the Cathedral
of Notre Dame, Napoleon took the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII
and set it on his own head. An imperial court and a nobility were
created.
The constitution of the year XII retained the features of the previous
two constitutions, but its liberal provisions were gradually
restricted. When Napoleon, in 1805, proclaimed himself king of Italy
and annexed Genoa to France, a Third Coalition was formed against him
by Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Sweden
The states of Germany had already been altered by the Confederation of
the Rhine; Napoleon's allies, the electors of Bavaria, Württemberg,
and Saxony, were made kings; the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved
(1806); the kingdoms of Holland and Westphalia were created (1806 and
1807), with Napoleon's brothers Louis and Jérôme Bonaparte occupying
the thrones. Napoleon's stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais, was made
(1805) viceroy of Italy, and a third brother, Joseph Bonaparte (see
under Bonaparte, family), became (1806) king of Naples. In 1808
Napoleon made Joseph king of Spain after obtaining the abdication of
Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII; in Naples, Joseph was replaced
with Marshal Joachim Murat, who was married to Napoleon's sister
Caroline. Another Napoleonic marshal, Jean Bernadotte, became heir to
the Swedish throne in 1810 (see Charles XIV).


Napoleon’s Divorce (1809)-See Early Life Third Paragraph

Archduchess Marie Louise (1791-1847)
Napoleon was married in March, 1810 to Marie Louise, the daughter of
the Austrian emperor Francis I (formerly Holy Roman Emperor Francis
II). A son was born to them (the "king of Rome," later known as the
duke of Reichstadt or Napoleon II), thus insuring the imperial
succession.

(From Napoleonic Administration to Nepoleonic Wars have allready been
mentioned in the previous sections of the outline I am sorry to say
that I will not be stating them again

Napoleonic wars (1805-1815)
War of the Third Coalition - In 1805, When Napoleon annexed Genoa to
France, and proclaimed himself king of Italy, Great Britain, Austria,
Russia, and Sweden formed Third Coalition against him. Napoleon
defeated the Austrians at Ulm, and moved into Vienna. On Dec. 2, 1805
Napoleon defeated the combined Russians and Austrians at Austerlitz.
British Naval Victory at Trafalgar - At the battle of Trafalgar,
fought of Cape Trafalgar, in Spain on October 21, 1805, Admiral
Horatio Nelson led the outnumbered British fleet against Napoleon’s
combined French and Spanish navies, led by Pierre de Villeneuve. The
battle ended with the capture of 20 of Napoleon’s ships, and Admiral
Nelson being fatally wounded and dying just after seeing victory, and
Napoleon being deprived of much of his sea power, making it impossible
for him to invade England. 
French Victories on land -
Treaty of Pressburg - In 1805, due to Austria’s defeat at Austerlitz,
Napoleon Bonaparte signed a peace treaty with Francis II, the Holy
Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria, in the town of Pressburg (what
is now Bratislava, Slovakia). In it Austria added Venetia, Istria, and
Dalmatia to Napoleon’s kingdom of Italy, gave Tyrol, Vorarlberg, and
Augsburg to Bavaria, and added the Hapsburg lands in Swabia to
Wurttemberg and Baden In addition Austria was allowed to annex
Salzburg, and France was in turn granted Piedmont, Parma, and
Piacenza. Austria also elevated the electors of Bavaria and
Wurttemberg to the rank of kings. 

Napoleon Creates the Confederation of the Rhine and abolishes the Holy
Roman Empire (1806)
Describe what it did - After Napoleon deafeated the Austrians at
Austerlitz in 1806,he formed a league of German states known as the
confederation of the Rhine. Its members consisted of the newly created
kingdoms of Bavaria and Württenberg, the grand duchies of Baden,
Hesse-Darmstadt, Berg, and a number of other kingdoms. After a while
almost all of the German states except Austria and Prussia joined the
confederation. The members renounced their allegiance to the Holy
Roman Empire, and Francis II, the Austrian Emperor whom relinquished
the title Holy Roman emperor in 1806. Napoleon tried to change French
affairs as well as the foreign ones that were members of the
confederation, but international crises soon started popping back up
and therefore diverted his efforts. After Napoleon's retreat from
Russia during the years of 1812 and 1813, the members of the
confederation, by changed sides in the war, which in turn caused the
collapse of the confederation.


Treaties of Tilsit – After his Victory at the battle of Friedland,
Napoleon I met Czar Alexander I on a raft in the Neman River off
Tilsit, on June 25, 1807. Their negotiations joined with those of King
Frederick William III of Prussia, led to the Treaties of Tilsit of
July 7 and July 9, 1807. In the first treaty, France was to make peace
with Russia, in return for Russia promising to secretly mediate
between France and England, and recognizing the grand duchy of Warsaw.
If England tried to reject mediation; Russia was to become an ally of
France. In addition, France gave Russia complete freedom with regard
to what it wanted to do with Finland, then a Swedish possession. In
the second treaty, Napoleon took over a considerable amount of
Prussia, which lost all of its territory west of the Elbe to France
and most of its polish provinces to the grand duchy of Warsaw. Also,
Danzig became a free city, the Prussian army was to be reduced to
42,000 men, several leading fortresses were to be taken over by French
troops, and Prussia was to join the Continental system against England. 
Czar Alexander I (1777-1825) – Alexander I became czar of Russia in
1801 and served until his supposed death in 1825. He may possibly have
been involved in the killing of his father, Paul I. During the first
years of his reign; Alexander took an extremely liberal stance. He
held back the secret police, took the ban off of foreign books and
travel, tried to improve the positions of the serfs, and attempted to
reform the educational system. In 1805 Alexander joined with Britain
and other countries in the fight against Napoleon, but was forced to
form an alliance with Napoleon by the Treaty of Tilsit, and join
Napoleon’s Continental System, due to the Russian defeats at
Austerlitz and Friedland. During this period, Russia was rapidly and
vastly expanding. It took over Georgia and parts of Transcaucasia in
1812, after a long war with Persia, and after a six year long war with
Turkey, was able to annex Bessarabia in 1812. Soon after, Russia’s
relationship with France deteriorated, and Napoleon invaded Russia
later on that year. Alexander defeated the French, which made him an
extremely powerful European ruler. He soon took to an odd schism of
national and liberal movements. He went on to develop military
colonies which consisted of soldier-serfs who raised agriculture but
doubled as soldiers, and to create secret political societies. After
his death, his tomb was opened and examined in 1926 by the Soviet
Government, but found empty. His death remains a mystery.
Christianity, which made him take a more conservative approach to
foreign policy. He later created the Holy Alliance, and supported
Metternich in suppressing all 
King Fredrick William III (1797-1840) – Born in 1170, Fredrick William
III was the son and successor of Fredrick William II. He became King
of Prussia in 1797, and served until 1840. Meaning well, but weak and
virtually powerless Fredrick William III did his best to stay neutral
during the Napoleonic wars. In 1806, French troops were gathered all
along Prussia’s border and Frederick William III was forced to fight
against them. The French defeated him at Jena, and he was forced to
sign the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, which basically made Prussia a
servant to France. This woke the king to the need for reconstruction
and reform in Prussia. Though Fredrick William III was unable to carry
out the plans directly, he appointed Karl vom und zum Stien, Karl
August von Harderberg, and Scharnhorst to help reform his country, and
prepare for the eventual war against Napoleon. After being forced to
send aid to Napoleon’s Russian campaign, Fredrick William III was
finally persuaded to support the Convention of Tauroggen. Soon after,
a military alliance with Russia was signed, and the king declared war
on France in March 1813. After Napoleon’s defeat, and influenced by
Czar Alexander I and Metternich, he joined the Holy Alliance, and took
up an extremely conservative stance.
Joseph (1768-1844) – The eldest of the Napoleon’s siblings, first
became French minister to Parma and Rome, and later became a member of
the Council of Five Hundred for Corsica in 1797. In 1800, Joseph
negotiated a treaty with the United States, and represented France in
the peace negotiations at Luneville in 1801 and Amiens in 1802. In
1806, Joseph was made king of Naples by Napoleon. Due to his lack of
efficiency, Joseph was switched to the position of king of Spain in
1808. As a result of his unsuccessfulness in defending his throne
during the Peninsular War, Joseph was forced to abdicate in 1813. In
1815 he left for the town of Bordentown, New Jersey in the United
States, and didn’t return until 1841. He died shortly after in Italy
in 1844. 
Louis (1778-1846) – Reluctant, Napoleon’s brother, Louis married
Hortense de Beauharnais in 1802. Louis was then made king of Holland
in 1806, and forced by Napoleon to abdicate in 1810, due to his being
more concerned with the Dutch than the French, and his defiance of the
Continental System. He later died in Italy, in 1846. 
Jerome (1784-1860) - Jerome Bonaparte, the youngest of Napoleon’s
brothers, started out by serving in the navy, where he was sent to the
West Indies. He later was sent to the United States where he met
Elisabeth Patterson, they married in 1803. Due to Jerome being a minor
and lacking the consent to be married, Napoleon refused to recognize
the marriage, and convinced Jerome to marry Catherine of Wurttemberg
in 1807. In the same year, Jerome became king of Westphalia until
1813, fought in the Russian campaign, and led a division of Napoleon’s
army at Waterloo. After Waterloo, Jerome left France, and didn’t
return until 1847. Later he received honors from Napoleon III, and
came to be known as Prince Jerome from then on. 

Napoleon establishes the Continental System (1806)
Describe what it did- The Continental System was used by Napoleon as
economic warfare against Great Britain, and consisted of the Berlin
Decree, the Warsaw Decree, the Milan Decree, and the Fontainebleau
Decree. It forbade trade with Great Britain, by France, it’s allies,
and it’s neutrals. 
Berlin Decree of 1806- In Berlin, on November 21, 1806, Napoleon I
issued a decree in response to the British blockade. Claiming that the
British blockade of commercial ports violated international law,
Napoleon declared the British Isles under blockade and forbade any
trade to or from them. The Berlin Decree also initiated the
Continental System.
Milan Decree 1807- The Milan Decree was issued in December, 1807, by
Napoleon I in an attempt to enforce his Continental System, and
strengthen the Berlin Decree. It authorized French warships and
privateers to capture neutral vessels sailing from any British port or
from countries occupied by British armies. It also declared that
neutral ships that allowed British authorities to search them on the
high seas were to be considered lawful prizes if captured by the
French or their allies. The British government issued replies by
orders in council. 
The Peninsular War-The Peninsular War was fought from 1808-1814, by
France against Great Britain, Portugal, Spanish regulars, and Spanish
guerrillas in the Iberian Peninsula. In February 1808, large numbers
of French troops entered Spain and seized Pamplona and Barcelona. On
March 19, a palace revolution had overthrown King Charles IV, and had
placed Ferdinand VII on the throne. Both were advised to abdicate on
May 5 and 6, in favor of Napoleon’s brother Joseph Bonaparte. On March
23, French marshal Joachim Murat entered Madrid. The Spanish rose up
in revolt throughout the country. During this time many
insurrectionists fought and captured various French forces. In
Portugal where similar events were occurring, a British expeditionary
force under Arthur Wellesley landed in August 1808 and defeated Junot
at Vimeiro on August 21. On August 30, Junot was forced to negotiate a
convention at Cintra, surrendering Lisbon in return for sending home
of his troops by British ships. With Sir John Moore as commander in
chief, the British soon invaded Spain. Napoleon rushed to Spain,
stormed Madrid on December 3, 1808, had Marshal Lannes lay siege to
Zaragoza, and ordered Marshal Soult to follow Moore, whom had
retreated into Galicia. Palafox held Zaragoza, until it fell in
February 1809. In April Wellesley arrived in Lisbon to take command of
the British and Portuguese forces. With their help, he drove the
French from Portugal, invaded Spain, and defeated the French under
Joseph at Talavera on July 28 and 28. In September 1810, Andre Massena
drove Wellesley back at Bussaco. Lacking supplies, Massena retreated
into Spain. Soult had marched north from Cadiz in hopes to join
Massena, but his plan soon failed when they were met by Wellesley and
William Carr Beresford at Fuentes de Onoro and Albuera in May 1811.
During the year of 1811, the power over Spain rested completely in the
hands of the French. In the early part of 1812, Wellesley attacked
once more, and on July 22 defeated the French under Marmont at
Salamanca. During the year of 1813 Wellesley eventually pushed the
French armies all the way back into France. In October of the same
year, Wellesley invaded France. He laid siege to Bayonne, defended by
Soult, and Had reached Toulouse when news of Napoleon’s abdication
arrived on April 12,1814, therefore ending the Peninsular War. 
Sir Arthur Wellesley- Wellesley entered the army in 1787, and quickly
rose rank. He commanded a group of soldiers in Flanders from during
the years of 1794 and 1795, and moved to India with his regiment in
1796. In 1797, Wellesley received command of a division in the
invasion of Mysore, and became governor of Seringapatam in 1799. He
quickly moved to the rank of major general in 1802. In 1805 Wellesley
returned to England and was knighted, therefore making him Sir Arthur
Wellesley. A year later he was elected to Parliament, and appointed as
Irish secretary in 1807. Later that year, Wellesley led an expedition
against the Danes. In 1808 Wellesley and his men assisted Portugal in
its’ revolt against the French, and helped Portugal to defeat them at
Rolica and Vimeiro. In 1809 he returned to the Iberian Peninsula to
lead the British, Portuguese, and Spanish forces in the Peninsular
War. In 1813 he drove the French back past the Pyrenees, and later on
in the same year invaded Southern France. After Napoleon’s abdication
in April 1814, he returned and was made duke of Wellington, and even
served as ambassador to Paris for a short time. When Napoleon returned
from Elba, he commanded the allied armies at the battle of Waterloo,
and with the help of the Prussian general Gebhard Von Blucher defeated
Napoleon, this time for good. He went on to represent England at the
congress of Verona in 1822, and at the conference in St. Petersburg in
1826. He soon resigned in 1827, but in 1828 Wellington reluctantly
became Prime Minister. In 1842 he was made commander in chief for
life, and died 10 years later. 

Conflict on Other Fronts (1808-1810)
Austria- In 1809 Austria made an attempt to reopen war against France,
but was defeated at the battle of Wagram on July 6, 1809. This
resulted in the cession of Illyria to France held by the Treaty of
Schönbrunn.
Battle of Wagram-On July 5-6, 1809, Napoleon I defeated Archduke
Charles in the town of Wagram. The Austrians were forced to fall back
due to French field artillery fire, partly consisting of Napoleon’s
"grand battery", which were 100 guns that fired all at once, back then
the largest concentration of artillery that had ever been used for
mass fire. As a result of the Battle, More than 70,000 casualties
occurred. Six days after, Austria was forced to conclude an armistice.

Treaty of Schonbrunn (October 1809)- Also known as the Peace of
Schonbrunn, the Treaty of Schonbrunn was written up by Napoleon. In it
Austria temporarily lost west Galicia to the grand duchy of Warsaw,
and Illyria to France.
Plans to Restore the French Empire in America(1803)- 
Louisiana Territory (1803)- In 1800, Spain handed Louisiana over to
the French. This made Americans at the time very uneasy, and so
Jefferson instructed Livingston to attempt to purchase the "Isle of
Orleans", or New Orleans and West Florida from france. So on April 30,
1803 the Americans signed a treaty and bought all of Louisiana from
France for 15 million dollars. On December 20, America moved in and
raised it’s flag. The entire Louisiana Purchase extended all the way
from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf
of Mexico to British North America. This doubled the size of America,
increasing it by roughly 828,000 square miles.

War of 1812
Describe the happenings of the war- The war of 1812, was declared June
18, 1812. Madison quickly discovered that American preparations for
war were terribly inadequate. American forces were unsuccessful in
several battles, although they faired better in sea battles. The
victory of the Constitution over the Guerrière and the capture of the
Macedonian by the United States were two outstanding achievements of
1812. However, Britain reestablished its reputation of supremacy on
the sea soon after, and most American ships were either captured or
held in harbors throughout the war. Americans’ most notable victories
occurred on inland waters – the Raisin River, Lake Erie, and the
Thames River. In 1814, New England raised the question of secession.
Several defeats occurred, a British expedition took Washington, and
burned the Capitol and the White House. However, the British success
was stopped at Fort McHenry.


Napoleon fights his unsuccessful Russian campaign (1812)
Invasion of Russia-. When the czar rejected the Continental System,
due to it being damaging the the economy of Russia, Napoleon put his
Grande Armée, consisting of more than 500,000 troops from France, and
of all the vassal and allied states, into effect. Napoleon entered
Russia in June, 1812. Mikhail Kutuzov’s Russian forces were forced to
fall back, making it possible for Napoleon and his men to lay ruin to
the land.
Prince Mikhail Barclay de Tollay(1761-1818)-Prince Mikhail Barclay de
Tollay became most well known during the Napoleonic Wars. He became
Minister of war in 1810, and commanded the Russian army against
Napoleon in 1812. Due to his defeat at Smolensk on August 17 and 18,
and his continual retreats back into the heart of Russia, Barclay was
replaced by Kutuzov. After Kutuzov’s death in 1813, he went back to
command the Russian forces, and participated in the battle of Leipzig,
and in the capture of Paris.
Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov- Born in 1745, Mikhail Ilarionovich
Kutuzov quickly became a Russian field Marshal. He fought against the
Polish Confederation of Bar and Served in the Russo-Turkish Wars of
1768-1774 and in 1787-1792. Though it was fought against his advice,
Kutuzov took part in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. He commanded
the Russians against the Ottomans during the years of 1811 and 1812,
which brought Bessarabia to Russia. In August 1812, Kutuzov replaced
Barclay de Tollay, as Commander in chief against the portions of
Napoleon’s army invading Russia. After the battle of Borodino, Kutuzov
was forced to retreat due to his army getting completely butchered.
After his retreat, Kutuzov stopped at nothing to get back at Napoleon.
He was made prince of Smolensk after a victory there in late 1812, and
died shortly there after in 1813.
Battle of Borodino- Fought on September 7,1812 between Napoleon’s
Grande Armee and Mikhail Kutuzov’s Russian forces, in an effort to
defend Moscow. The battle consisted of more than 108,000 casualties,
with Kutuzov and his men being badly beaten and forced to retreat.
Soon after, on September 14 Napoleon entered Moscow.
Grande Armee entered Moscow- After the battle of Borodino on September
7, Napoleon entered Moscow with his Grande Armee on September 14. On
September 15, fires broke out all over Moscow, and didn’t stop until
Sept. 19, leaving the city in ruins.
French Retreat (October 19, 1812)- . With the majority of his troops
wiped out, the winter quarters that were being built for him burned
down, an enormous lack of supplies, nothing else really to eat, and an
unsuccessful attempt at making peace with the Czar. Napoleon began his
retreat on Oct. 19. Extremely hungry and bitterly cold, the Grande
Armée was now only a fifth of its original strength. Napoleon and his
men reached the Berezina River late in November. After they passed the
river, they had now led a direct route for all other opposing armies
to use as well as them. 

Russia, Prussia, and Austria defeat Napoleon in the Battle of Nations
(1813)
Battle of the Nations- In Battle of the Nations fought at Leipzig on
October 16 through 19, Napoleon suffered many casualties, forcing him
to retreat. During November the Britain and its allies offered
Napoleon peace the French would return to their own boundaries, in the
Rhine and the Alps. Napoleon refused the offer, and the allies
continued to advance. On March 31, 1814 the allies took Paris, and
Napoleon was then forced to abdicate.

Napoleon abdicates and goes into exile on the island of Elba (1814)
Describe Napoleon’s exile- After the Battle of Nations and Capture of
Paris, napoleon abdicated, first in for his son of his son and then
completely on April 11. He was sent into exile on the island of Elba.
The allies gave Elba to Napoleon as a sovereign principality.
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)- Louis XVIII was the brother of King Louis
XVI, and king of France from 1814 to 1824. He fled from the French
Revolution,to Koblenz in 1791. He also tried bring about foreign
intervention against the revolutionaries. In 1795, after the death of
Louis XVII, the émigrés recognized him as king.In England With the
help of Charles de Talleyrand, he was reassumed his postion as king of
france in 1814 after the seizure of Paris by the allies. He took a
more peaceful approach towards the former revolutionists and offered a
constitutional charter. When news of the return of Napoleon I spread,
he had to run away once again. Headid’t return until after Napoleon’s
defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. His main ministers were
Armand Emmanuel, duc de Richelieu, and Élie Decazes, but soon a group
led by his brother the comte d`Artois, or Charles X, called the
ultraroyalists took after the assassination of Charles Ferdinand, duc
de Berry in 1820. Louis, to old and fraile to defend his position,
allowed the ultraroyalists to completely take control. Lead by the
comte de Villèle, the new ministry was completely reactionary. They
revised electoral laws to bring the influence of the wealthy classes
back up, and the people’s simple rights and liberties were restrained.
This continued and eventually even grew worse during his successor,
Charles X’s reign from 1824 to 1830. 

Napoleon returns to power, beginning the Hundred days (1815)
Describe the 100 Days- The period after the exiled Napoleon I returned
from Elba, the island where he was sent. The Hundred Days start on
March 20, 1815, when Napoleon arrived in Paris, and end June 28, 1815,
when Louis XVIII was restored for the second time as king, just after
Napoleon's failed Waterloo campaign.

Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo (1815)
Describe the battle of Waterloo- After Napoleon’s return to Paris from
his exile on Elba, he quickly found a European coalition set against
him. With only about 125,000 men, he had no choice but to try to
strike his enemy before the enemy attacked him. He decided to try to
destroy British and Prussian forces under Wellington and Blücher on
the northern frontier first, and then concentrate on the Austrians and
Russians on the eastern frontier. He quietly drew his forces together
near Charleroi, between Blucher’s force of 120,000 and Wellington’s
force of 93,000. While his enemies still thought he was in Paris,
Napoleon seized Charleroi, and defeated Blucher at Ligny, thus
preventing the two enemy forces from combining. Napoleon mistakenly
assumed the Prussians were retreating to Namur, their base camp. He
sent 33,000 men under Grouchy to pursue them. With his remaining
forces, Napoleon went to help Marshall Ney at Quatre Bras, where Ney
was fighting Wellington. Although Wellington technically won that
battle, he was forced to retreat to a strong position south of
Waterloo. On June 18, Napoleon began his attack on Wellington’s forces
about noon. The British were able to hold on until late in the day,
when the same group of Prussians who had retreated at Ligny returned
to reinforce Wellington’s army. The Prussians had escaped Grouchy’s
pursuit by going to Wavre instead of Namur. This one tactic is
credited as the turning point of the Battle of Waterloo. When the
forces left the field, the French retreated, and the Prussians were
now in pursuit. When all was over, the French had 32,000 casualties,
and the coalition about 23,000. Four days later, Napoleon signed his
second abdication. 

Duke of Wellington-In April 1814, Sir Arthur Wellesley was made Duke
of Wellington; for more information please refer to Sir Arthur
Wellesley.
Gebhard Von Blucher (1742-1819)- Gebhard von Boucher was an army
officer for King Frederick II. When von Boucher decided he had been
unfairly passed over for promotion in the 1770's, he resigned.
Following Frederick's death in 1787, he resumed his fighting career.
He earned a reputation as an outstanding military opponent of Napoleon
I, helping Karl vom und zum Stein, K. A. von Hardenberg, and General
Scharnhorst recreate the Prussian opposition to Napoleon. He was a
leader in the War of Liberation (1813-14). Even after von Boucher
became ill and delusional, he still fought successfully, winning at
Wahlstatt and Möckern, helping defeat the French at Leipzig, and
helping to make Waterloo a victory. In recognition of his
contributions, Gebhard von Boucher was made prince of Wahlstatt in 1814.

Napoleon dies on Saint Helena (1821)