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Pagans in Queensland Media, Laws and Courts.

Queensland Witchcraft Laws

Pagans in the Queensland Media

Pagans are coming out in Queensland. A once-secretive national pagan organisation has appointed a public relations officer to dispel myths that equate paganism to salacious sex, blood sacrifices and bizarre rituals and worst of all, satanism. These days, druids are greenies and 20th century witches practice a code of ethics. While many Australians last Thursday were getting ready to celebrate Labour Day, Australia's pagans celebrated Samhain (pronounced saa-ween), an ancient Celtic ritual with strong parallels to America's Halloween. Formed in 1991, the Pagan Alliance has given many Australian pagans a unified voice - although it is one of several representitive groups. There are hundreds of pagans in Queensland, concentrated in Brisbane, far north Queensland, Toowoomba and Ipswich. Some practise alone, but many are found in groups of about 12 called covens. They draw together people from different pagan strains, except in Brisbane where the main teaching coven is wiccan. Many call themselves "white" pagans, although groups such as the Ipswich-based "Coven of the Solar Orb" are described as "left-hand path" or "black" by other pagans. Alliance Queensland regional councillor, labourer Andrew Kettle, 27, said many of the council's 42 members were high priests and priestesses who ran covens. Pagans are concerned with nature, healing and meditation. They believe in reincarnation, and they draw on many gods and goddesses during their rituals. There's a variety of strains - nordic and celtic paganism, druidism, wicca, witchcraft and magick, to name some. All are practised in Australia. Pagans don't believe in a single god and in satan. Most frown when equated to satanists and devil worshippers. Toowoomba masseuse and social worker, Andrea Carpenter, describes herself as a qabalistic magician who practises wicca. Her magick was based on ancient Jewish mysticism. She said most people whould be disappointed to learn mainstream paganism did not mean wild orgies and drugs. But all religions, including Christianity, could attract extremist groups. "Pagans believe sex is a natural thing, a creative force," she said. But some wiccans will do their circles naked which causes problems with people who don't understand. "But the reason they work naked is that it brings everybody down to the same level. People might put sexual connotations on that, but there are none." "As a magician I don't work naked unless I'm doing a real and proper sex rite,, and then there are only two people there, the male and female." She said a sex rite involved "drawing in together a god and goddess, like tantric sex - physical and spiritual". "As a magican I don't ever work unrobed because in magick we believe the robe and all our paraphernalia are psychological tools." "It separates us from the everyday". Andrea first became interested in paganism when a teacher "came into my life". She was 24. "In those days you couldn't access books easily, being pagan wasn't talked about and there was nothing in the media. Through him I learned about reincarnation, and the multiplicity of godhood. He taught me that between us and a god there are others." She said she had lived about a dozen times before. "Some of them are very ancient, Atlantis Lemuria (in the Pacific in the Easter Island region) and I have memories of forest scenes in England and Europe." "I get glimpses." "One past life I do remember was when I was a concubine for (16th Century) Mongol chieftan Taras Bulba and died at a young age giving birth." Andrea has a grown daughter and loves animals. She rehabilitates birds and has three dogs and four cats. She has run pagan weddings and once performed pagan counselling in a Queensland prison. But as a magician does she cast spells? "The magicians the public know practise sleight of hand. All they do is play tricks. My ability is to change my consciousness and brain waves at will which opens your mind up to larger things." She said paganism meant being responsible for one's actions. "We believe what we do is our own responsibility. A lot of pagans believe sin as defined by Christians is a cop-out." Andrea joins pagans for the eight celebrations in the "wheel of the year". Four are called "sun rites" and coincide with the summer and winter solstice and the equinoxes. Because these ceremonies are seasonally based, most Southern Hemisphere fesitivals occur six months from their Northern Hemisphere counterparts. Samhain represents the closing off and the dying as winter approaches. A Brisbane-wide celebration took place at Caboolture a week ago. Pagans say during Samhain "the vale" between life and death is very thin. They communicate with the souls to come and those that have been. To mark this, a traditional circle is consecrated, and pagans gather around and talk to the souls. But unlike a seance, the souls don't talk back. Instead, these souls wander around the earth and play practical jokes and tricks - akin to the "trick and treat" fun associated with Halloween. Pagan children in Australia are known to "trick and treat" in May. The next ceremony is Yule, at the winter solstice on June 22-23. It involves Christmas-like activities such as tree decorating and gift giving. This year Australian pagans will gravitate to Merimbula in New South Wales for this event. Their Northern Hemisphere counterparts are celebrating "Beltane", which promotes fertility and the growth of crops in spring. It includes the fertility dance of young women holding streamers while dancing around the maypole, a giant phallic symbol. One pagan who last week celebrated Samhain vigorously was Morgan, a celtic pagan who is the alliance's new public relations officer. Apart from lighting a small bonfire in the park near her house, Morgan decorated her front window with Samhain greetings. As PR lady, she plans to make the religion more open than before. "We've learned that secret societies attract unwanted press," she said. But she admits the issue of openess was a delicate one in pagan circles. "A lot of wiccan like to be secretive. And even in this age of multicultralism, there are alot of problems with tolerance." Morgan admits she is more "politically oriented" than most pagans. She said she was the first person to teach children paganism as a religious elective in a NSW primary school. Later she was banned from the practice. Australian pagans include scientists, solicitors, students, health care professionals, teachers, farmers, soldiers, engineers, public servants, librarians and psychologists. Druid witch Ioho works as a nurse at one of Queensland's largest public hospitals. She said her "great leap" into paganism was when she was 22. A friend taught her numerology, then it was tarot cards, then witchcraft. As a druid she works with whole magical system based on trees and their meaning." She said druids were commonly regarded as male witches, but both sexes could be druids and witches. As a witch, she was capable of casting spells and curses. But natural laws and a witch's "code of ethics" limited her. For example, take love spells. "If I'm asked to put a spell on someone, and it affects their free will, the witch's law says any harm you create will come back into your life three fold. It's inappropriate to force someone to love somebody because you're possessing or limiting someone's free will. But it's OK to cast a spell to attract love into your life. So I do that and tell them to go out and bloody socialise hard." She said witchcraft was more than spells. It was a complete "self-transformation" and getting in touch with nature. "An ecological view is very important. You can't be a witch and not be a greenie." But does witchcraft involve travel on a broom? "Broomsticks have their place in witchcraft. They are used for ritually sweeping the circle before a ritual and also in fertility rites. "And they're pretty good for sweeping the floor, but I don't fly around on them." She said she didn't tell the patients she nursed she was a witch. "I think some people would feel uncomfortable regardless of who I am or what I am." But her coven's most senior witches, high priest Uther and high priestess Shavarnni, were happy to oblige for our cameras.

Fact File

Paganism is an ancient religion concerned with nature, healing, and meditation. Most pagans believe in reincarnation, male, female and androgynous deity. Paganism has no founders, no earthly leaders, no prophets, no messiahs and no saints. Most pagans don't believe in heaven or hell.

Strains of Paganism

Asatru/Norse paganism: From northern Europe and Scandinavia. Celtic paganism: From Scotland and Ireland. Dianic Witchcraft: Celebrates feminine divinity. Druidism: Emphasises skills like poetry and music. Environmental paganism: Seeks to save the earth from desecration. Ethnic paganism: Hellenic, Roman, Egyptian, Voodoo, even Aboriginal lore. Male mysteries: Emphasises sacred manhood and spiritual growth. Shamanism: Emphasises spirit realms, tree lore, herb lore and totem animals. Wicca: Follows ancient folkloric and magical practices of Europe. Witchcraft: Ancient fertility religion that honours the Horned god and goddess.

Festivals

Most pagans celebrate eight major festivals: Samhain (Halloween), Giuli (Yule), Imbolg (Candlemas), Spring Equinox (Eostre), Beltane (Fertility), Litha (Midsummer), Lughnassad and the Autumn equinox (Mabon)

Spells

Incantations which focus psychic energy. Visualisation and repetition of words focuses the witch's desire and intent. Used mainly for healing, love and proserity.

Law

The Coalition Government (QLD) has retained witchcraft as a crime. The law forbids witchcraft, sorcery, enchantment, fortune telling and pretending to use occult sciences to locate lost and stolen objects. Penalty: one year's prison.

A Wiccan Love Spell (by Francesca Dubie) Get five red roses, go about a block from home and drop one rose. Drop three more on the way back home. Drop the fifth at your door. While doing this, chant: "Oh, this is the path of love. My true love will find me."

Sunday Mail, 4/5/97

Queensland Criminal Code Review Submission

Written by R. L. AKERS September 1996

• 1 Introduction
• 2 Urban Myth and Witchcraft
• 2.1 Government Investigations
  and the Myth of Satanic Abuse
• 2.1.1 The SRA Hoax
• 2.1.2 UK Government Inquiry
• 2.2 A historical look
• 2.2.1 Imperial Rome and the Christians
• 2.2.2 Witch trials
• 2.3 Modern scapegoats
• 2.4 Pagans Reaction to the urban myths
• 3 Religious Discrimination and Abuse in the system.
• 3.1 Religion vs Government
• 3.2 Within Queensland's legal system
• 3.2.1 Fortunetellers
• 3.2.2 Wiccans
• 3.3 The "Anti Cult" Movement
• 3.3.1 Anti Cult groups in Queensland
• 3.3.2 So called "Dangerous Groups" lists
• 3.3.3 Entrapment
• 3.4 Wide spread Community distrust
• 4 A Case study: Religious Discrimination in Queensland Courts
• 5 Conclusion
• 6 List of Appendix continents

1 Introduction

Any law that deals specifically with religious discrimination was superseded when the Australian Government ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1981. Regardless of Article 18, discrimination against Wiccans continues in Queensland. In one court case in 1990, the knowledge a Wiccan's religion was illegal was offered as proof of his willingness to break the Law. This was despite the fact the charges had nothing directly to do with the Wiccan's faith, but had originated from the belief he was a pederast, because of his religion.

The aim of this report is to display some negative situations originating from the Laws under review: explain what is Wicca: debunk urban myths while correcting errors of fact and show examples of persecution experienced by otherwise innocent people both within the state and more globally. The author does not believe amending the relevant aspects the Criminal Code will be the cure-all. However, it is hoped it will be a start. It is painfully obvious the witch hunt mentality still exists today involving many other minorities not just Wiccans and other Neo-pagans.

2 Urban Myth and Witchcraft

It is very important to be aware that Wiccans do not in any way worship or believe in "Satan," "the Devil," or any similar entities.ⁱⁱ

2.1 Government Investigations and the Myth of Satanic Abuse

2.1.1 The SRA Hoax

Further investigations have revealed Michelle Remembers is a hoax. The coauthor, Dr Lawrence Pazder, is quoted as saying he never claimed the events described in his book actually happened. He states the rituals described originated from his research of African native religions. However, careful reading of this book gives no indication that it is anything but a factual account verifying the worst fears of the extreme Christian right. Dr Pazder's later recantation did nothing to stop an outbreak of claims from people describing experiences that were all but identical to those described in the book. As with Professor La Fontaine's conclusions, it appears the outcry was encouraged by people and groups pursuing personal agendas. iii & iv

In the Investigator's Guide to Allegations of "Ritual" Child Abuse, FBI Supervisory Special Agent Kenneth V. Lanning, felt the need to comment on how he had been accused of being a "Satanist" who infiltrated the FBI to assist in covering up atrocities. He responds to this, I believe that my approach is in the best interest of victims of child sexual abuse [...] I have spoken out [...] because I am [...] outraged that, in some cases, individuals are getting away with molesting children because we can't prove they are satanic devil worshippers... ⁱⁱⁱ

In more recent times those claiming to be victims of SRA are found under similar circumstances to the groups of people who blame "UFO abductions" or "past life experiences" for their conditions. Research suggests there may be a common element to these claims, however it is more mundane than originally thought. There is growing evidence to suggest the existence of groups of therapists who have a higher than expected number of clients who share a common if bizarre explanation for their individual problems. ^iv Some investigators have gone as far as to suggest these people may have been victims of a different kind of abuse: False or Implanted memories.

In the United States, where these problems appear to be an epidemic, there is growing concern at the apparent correlation between the likelihood of being diagnosed as suffering from the after effects of one of these bizarre experiences, and the level of psychiatric cover in one's family health insurance. ^iv

2.1.2 UK Government Inquiry

This study was commissioned during a public controversy. A number of cases of the sexual abuse of children had been accompanied by allegations that the victims had also been subjected to bizarre rites, referred to, variously, as witchcraft, satanism or devil-worship ^v

8/ The study of cases in detail showed that the Evangelical Christian campaign against new religious movements has been a powerful influence encouraging the identification of satanic abuse. Despite this, it would be too simple to explain such cases as entirely it's product.

9/ Equally important in spreading the idea of satanic abuse in Britain are the professional "specialists", American and British. Their claims or qualifications are rarely checked. Much of their information, particularly about cases in United States, is unreliable.

10/ Concerns with satanic abuse draws attention away from the very serious state of this minority of damaged children [...] ^v

2.2 A historical look

2.2.1 Imperial Rome and the Christians

Josephus listed these accusations as: the adoring of a donkey's head; ritual murder; & incest (Contra Apion) ^vi

Pliny the Younger, the Governor of Bithynia, comments on the political necessity of suppressing a fanatical Christian minority. He actually states I found [the Christians to be] nothing but a degenerate sort of cult carried to extravagant lengths ^vii

The Roman Government's handling of this strange new religion resembles the methods used by Western Governments 1300 - 1700 years later. In one of his reports to Emperor Trajan, the Governor of Bithynia asks...

... I have never been present at an examination of Christians. Consequently, I do not know the nature or the extent of the punishment usually meted out to them, nor the grounds for starting an investigation and how far it should be pressed. Nor am I at all sure whether any distinction should be made between them on the grounds of age ... whether a pardon should be granted to anyone retracting his beliefs, or if he has once professed Christianity, he shall gain nothing by renouncing it; and whether it is the mere name of Christian which is punishable, even if innocent of crime, or rather the crimes associated with the name ... I am convinced that their [the Christians] stubbornness and unshakeable obstinacy ought not to go unpunished... ^vii

Compare this to reports from both the Spanish Inquisition and the Salem witch trials. The substitution of the word Witch, Jew or an other minority for Christian could accurately describe the treatments these people had at the hands of the Church centuries later.

2.2.2 Witch trials

It now seems the biblical justification for persecuting witches was simply a translation error. It appears the original meaning is closer to Thou shall not suffer a poisoner to live. Some historians have suggested the use of the word witch instead of poisoner may have been a deliberate political move. Some pagans suspect the burning times were simply revenge for the treatment the Christians suffered at the hands of the Romans. ^viii

2.3 Modern scapegoats

On the other hand, in cases where a member of a minority is guilty of a heinous act, then all members of the minority are automatically judged in the same light. More often than not, the community in general will take its frustrations out on otherwise innocent people who's guilt solely originates from a loose connection with the culprit. The tragic events in Port Author are a classic example of this -- both the Handicapped and the Gun owning communities have suffered from the actions of one person. ^viii

It appears we are unable to learn from the mistakes of history.

2.4 Pagans Reaction to the urban myths

The explanation that the satanists are too organised and law enforcement is too incompetent only goes so far in explaining the lack of evidence. For at least eight years [the report was written in 1992] American law enforcement has been aggressively investigating the allegations of victims of ritual abuse. [...] Now it is up to mental health professionals, not law enforcement, to explain why victims are alleging things that don't seem to have happened... ⁱⁱⁱ

The Pagan community acknowledges the possibility that some atrocities take place with the trappings of ritual or satanic influence. However the community in general tries to distance it's self from these actions. Much in the same way as mainstream Christian faiths distance themselves from fringe lunatics who, for example, practice exorcisms up to the point of murder.

Of course there are the rare cases of actual atrocities where the people involved have used a style that resembles a satanic or ritualistic nature. Surprisingly enough, it appears the majority of proven cases occurred when uninformed people attempted to re- create atrocities using inaccurate urban myth.

3 Religious Discrimination and Abuse in the system.

3.1 Religion vs Government

So it seems strange when fringe elements from one religion feel justified in demanding the right to dictate how others should live. Born-again Christians threatened to launch a State wide campaign to keep laws against witchcraft and fortune telling ^ix after the previous Queensland government considered reviewing the various relevant acts.

3.2 Within Queensland's legal system

3.2.1 Fortunetellers

3.2.2 Wiccans

Social forces generally do not yet allow Witches to publicly declare their religious faith without fear of reprisals such as loss of job, child custody challenges, ridicule, etc. Prejudice against Wiccans is the result of public confusion between Witchcraft and Satanism. [...] Concealment is a traditional Wiccan defence against persecution... ⁱⁱ

Unfortunately there have been numerous cases where a Wiccan's faith has played an important part in how they were treated in the eyes or the law. Children from religious minorities being legally removed because of general fears for their safety rather than any actual evidence of parental abuse. While minority religionists have tried to fight blatant religious discrimination in the Law Courts, they seldom receive support from Government, the Media, or the Community. ^viii

In Canada, a Wiccan father was denied access to his child because of his faith. The United Church of Canada joined other groups in successfully appealing for the original decision to be overturned. In another case social workers, inspecting the parent's house before returning the children, were surprised the Wiccan's pet cats were still alive and healthy and had not been sacrificed. ^viii The recent case of Kerri Patavino in the US will be described in detail in the appendix. ^x

Unfortunately this reaction is common in Australia also. A Wiccan's child was taken to hospital after a cycling accident. The mother was terrified her religion would be discovered during the standard medical interview. The child was concussed, covered with bruises, and unable to remember any details of the incident. Luckily there were witnesses to back the mother's story. She had a genuine fear an innocent childhood accident would be misinterpreted as some kind of abuse and the child taken off her. ^xi

As previously mentioned one Queensland Wiccan's experience in court is stuff nightmares are made of. This case will be dealt in detail further on the report. Needless to say being offered easier treatment in court if the Wiccan found God would sound like an incident from back in Imperial Rome (Detailed in the writings of Pliny the Younger) and not in a Queensland Magistrate's Court this decade.

3.3 The "Anti Cult" Movement

The Australian ARM believes "cults" are identifiable by the following traits: "The group will have an elitist view of itself in relation to others and a unique case. [Sic] They are the only ones right, everyone else is wrong: they are the only ones doing God's will, everyone else is in apostasy. [...] They alone have the truth and take a critical stance regarding all others while at the same time exalting their group." ^v

They believe that no one Path to the Sacred is right for all people, and see their own religious pattern as only one among many that are equally worthy. Wiccans respect all religions that foster honor and compassion in their adherents, and expect the same in respect. Members are encouraged to learn about all faiths, and are permitted to attend the services of other religions, should they desire to do so. ⁱⁱ

3.3.1 Anti-cult groups in Queensland

The second group remains unidentified. However they were responsible for placing a $1800 full page advertisement in the local paper addressed To All Satanic Covens. ^xii A newspaper article a week later publicly explained the reason for this extravagant expense. A representative from the group claimed Satanists [were] infiltrating evangelists churches. The spokesperson refused to identify themself, as they wished to retain their anomonymity [sic] ^xiii but explained the reason behind this invasion was:

The raise in demonic activity was experienced by increased rebellion among young people, homosexual activity and sorcery. [...] The only true Christians were those who had been born again. There are only two camps - the Devil's and God's. ^xiii

3.3.2 So called "Dangerous Groups" lists

The Anti-Religious Movement (ARM) appears to believe many religions, apart from a narrow band of conservative Christians and some denominations of the Jewish Muslim and Hindu faiths, are unacceptable... ^v

While, in contrast with Special Agent Lanning's report, the FBI National Centre for the Analysis of Violent Crime classifies the following extensive and varied list as being dangerous and satanic

Church of Satan, Witchcraft, Paganism, Santreia, Rosicrucians, Freemasonry, Knights Templar, Unification Church, Hare Krishnas, Rajneesh, Astrology, Transcendental Medicaition, Holistric medicine, Hinduism, Mormonism, Church of Scientology, etc. ^v

Rajneesh, Sai Baba, Babaji, martial arts, the New Age Movement, Masons, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, World Wide Church of God, Christian Science Church, the Seventh Day Adventist Church, the Children of God, Unity School of Christianity, the Unitarian Church, Transcendental Medicaition, Zen Buddhism, the Hare Krishnas, the Unification Church, the Bahai Faith, Spiritalism, Rosicrucianism, Eckanka, Mahikari, Church of Scientology, Christadelphains, Witches, Pagans, Druids, Yoga, EST [sic]. ^v

para-psychology[sic], eastern medication, including yoga, drug abuse, tarot card reading, palmistry and astrology. ^xiii

Heavy metal and Rock music, KKK, Skinheads, Nazis, Religious Cults, Islam, Orthodox Church and even Roman Catholicism ⁱⁱⁱ

3.3.3 Entrapment

Earlier this year a lonely State Wiccan made electronic contact with The Ontario Centre for Religious Tolerance seeking Pagan sympathetic penpals. A member of Queensland's Freedom in Christ group, posing as a pro-pagan campaigner, answered the Canadian organiser asking to be put in contact with the Queenslander. She offered to Approach the Queensland State Commissioner's office. ^viii When the Wiccan finally received communications from this campaigner she became suspicious of the faked FIDO net address in the signature block. She then recognised the campaigner's name from religious discrimination material, was alerted to the scam but felt powerless to make a complaint.

3.4 Wide spread Community distrust

There are many examples to demonstrate the community's reaction. In the interests of brevity only two will be given here. One pagan found a burning cross on his front lawn, while a Queensland Wiccan university student experienced repeated public attempts to exorcise his possessing demon on campus. Both victims were reluctant to notify the authorities for fear of further discrimination. ^xi

4 A Case study: Religious Discrimination in Queensland Courts

It turned out to be a Queensland Police Officer on an entrapment exercise. The officer found about their religion & the international club. He believed all witches were satanists and all satanists were molesters. Unfortunately because the initials of the club matched those of an alternative name for SRA, ^xvi the officer believed he had found an international paedophile ring. With the courage of his convictions, like so many in the same field in the US and UK, he saw no need for any more substantial evidence, and indeed continued to claim the ring existed, much as he later claimed publicly the (Qld State) Education department is full of paedophiles.

What followed was a nightmare court case involving contradicting prosecution claims and constant references to evidence that was not, and in fact could not, be presented in court, because it did not exist. Despite the officer's threat to get the wife, it was only the husband who was charged. They were three minor misdemeanours that had nothing to do with the accusation or his religion, however, both played an important role in the 8-month long court case and the sentencing handed down afterwards. ^xiv

Against the couples expressed instructions the husband's parents were notified of their religion. The Queensland Corrective Services Commission's response to the complaints against their Officer, was to not only back him, but to stress that the Stipendiary Magistrate also felt the disclosure was appropriate. ^xv

During a second court ordered psychological report (the first did not support the Magistrates desire for a maximal custodial sentence) the Forensic Psychiatrists strongly disapproved of the couple's unusual life style. After investigating numerous bizarre possibilities to explain/blame his behaviour, they suggested the Wiccan may be suffering schizophrenia, while admitting he showed no clinical symptoms, and his profile was consistent with that produced by sexual offenders, in particular, those convicted of child molestation. The Wiccan's lawyer summed up, he was found guilty for something he might do, rather than something he actually did. The Wiccan commented at the time that he now [knew] where the Soviet Unions political psychiatrists had retired to. ^xi

A less biased Psychiatrist reports I am inclined to believe [name] when he says that he is not involved in any paedophilic activities. I believe it is his eccentric beliefs, lifestyle and manner which has lead to this unfortunate encounter with the law. His involvement in, and reaction to, the situation he is now in, probably reflects [...] as well as a failure of judgement.

During sentencing, he was denied the alternatives to incarceration for a variety of reasons including the explanation he would not benefit from Community Service as he had nothing like the 10 commandments. Ultimately his lack of judgement lead to a bashing in prison as some inmates chose to believed the pederast accusation despite the fact he was not convicted of this. He is now a chronic pain sufferer living on an invalid pension.

5 Conclusion

6 Appendix

• 2 Urban Myth and Witchcraft
• 3.2.2 Wiccans
• 3.3 The "Anti Cult" Movement

2/ Extracts from Investigator's Guide to Allegations of "Ritual" Child Abuse
Referred to in

• 2.1.1 The SRA Hoax
• 2.4 Pagans Reaction to the urban myths
• 3.3.1 Anti Cult groups in Queensland

3/ Satanic Ritual Abuse [SRA] from The Ontario Centre for Religious Tolerance
Referred to in

• 2.1.1 The SRA Hoax

4/ "Church, History of I - Persecution" New Catholic Encyclopaedia re-print 1981
^{Photo copy only. Removed from electronic version}
Referred to in

• 2.2.1 Imperial Rome and the Christians

5/ Comments from Electronic mail messages [Three pages]
Referred to in

• 2.2.2 Witch trials
• 2.3 Modern scapegoats
• 3.2.2 Wiccans

6/ A selection of reports about Kerri Patavino
Referred to in

• 3.2.2 Wiccans

7/ The Sun-Herald 17.1.93
Referred to in

• 3.1 Religion vs Government

8/ Full Page paid advertisement The Toowoomba Chronicle 17/11/90
Referred to

• 3.3.1 Anti Cult groups in Queensland

9/ Jacqui Nightingale Satanists `Infiltrating churches in Toowoomba The Chronicle 24/11/90
Referred to

• 3.3.1 Anti Cult groups in Queensland
• 3.3.2 So called "Dangerous Groups" lists

10/ Text from _Freedom in Christ_ member posing as a "pro-pagan campaigner"
Referred to

• 3.3.3 Entrapment

11/ General list
Referred to

• 4 A Case study: Religious Discrimination in Queensland Courts

12/ Letter from Corrective Services
Referred to

• 4 A Case study: Religious Discrimination in Queensland Courts

Bibliography

Cunningham, Scott The Truth About Witchcraft Today

Llewellyn Publications Minnesota USA 1988
ISB 0-87542-127-x
Library of Congress Catalogue Number 88-45197

London (for HMSO) 1994  ISBN 0 11 321797

Reprint 1981
The Catholic University of America.
Library of Congress Catalogue Number 80-84921

Penguin Books 1963 Mitcham

Fast Books Australia 1995 ISBN 0 64623679 2

Footnotes

ii The US Army's Religious Requirements and Practices of Certain Selected Groups: A Handbook for Chaplains [See appendix]

iii Extracts from Investigator's Guide to Allegations of "Ritual" Child Abuse [See appendix]

iv From On the Cutting edge Alleged Satanic Ritual Abuse Written and Produced by Ofra Bikel and Rachel Dretzin. Ofra Bikel Production Inc for FRONTLINE 1995 WGBH Educational Foundation

v Double standards by Youngman, Drew

vi Church, History of I - Persecution New Catholic Encyclopaedia re-print 1981

vii The Letters of the Younger Pliny, translated by Betty Radice 1963

viii Comments from Electronic mail messages [See appendix]

ix The Sun-Herald 17.1.93 [See appendix]

x Reports about Kerri Patavino [See appendix]

xi Personal Correspondence

xii Full Page paid advertisement The Toowoomba Chronicle 17/11/90 [See appendix]

xiii Jacqui Nightingale Satanists `Infiltrating churches in Toowoomba The Chronicle 24/11/90 [See appendix]

xiv General statement [See appendix]

xv Letter from Corrective Services [See appendix]

xvi The Society for Creative Anachronism [SCA] (alternatively "Satanic Child Abuse")

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