6- Integrated Control Research:

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="06200640egdysm.jpg"> <div> <B>|     </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="_"><U><B>home</B></U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id74.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="1 Mycology Research:"><U>1- Mycology Research:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id75.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="2 Virology and Mycoplasma:"><U>2- Virology and Mycoplasma:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id76.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="3 Nematology Research:"><U>3- Nematology Research:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id77.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="4 Bacteriology Research:"><U>4- Bacteriology Research:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id79.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="5Post Harvest Disease:"><U>5-Post Harvest Disease:</U></A>   |   <B>6- Integrated Control Research:</B>   |   <A HREF="id83.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="7 Seed Pathology:"><U>7- Seed Pathology:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id85.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="8 Cereal Disease:"><U>8- Cereal Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id88.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="9 Rice Disease:"><U>9- Rice Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id90.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="10 Cotton and Fiber Crop Disease:"><U>10- Cotton and Fiber Crop Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id92.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="11 Maize and Sugar Crop Disease:"><U>11- Maize and Sugar Crop Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id94.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="12 Food Legume and Forage Crop Disease:"><U>12- Food Legume and Forage Crop Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id96.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="13 Onion, Garlic and Oil Crop Disease:"><U>13- Onion, Garlic and Oil Crop Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id98.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="14 Fruit Disease:"><U>14- Fruit Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id100.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="15 Vegetable Disease:"><U>15- Vegetable Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id101.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="16 Ornamental Plant Disease:"><U>16- Ornamental Plant Disease:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id119.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="1 Information and Computer Center:"><U>1- Information and Computer Center:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id105.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="2 Fingerprinting Lab.:"><U>2- Fingerprinting  Lab.:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id107.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="3 Central Lab.:"><U>3- Central Lab.:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id109.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="4 Disease Forecast Unit:"><U>4- Disease Forecast Unit:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id121.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="5 Cell Manipulation Lab.:"><U>5- Cell Manipulation Lab.:</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id123.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="6 Colonal Lab.:"><U>6- Colonal Lab.:</U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=200 BGCOLOR="#0000BF" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=380 BGCOLOR="#CCFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I><B>6- Integrated Control Research:</B></I></div> <div> <B>     A- </B><A HREF="id115.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="6 Integrated Control Research:"><U><B>Section Staff</B></U></A><B>:</B></div> <div> <B>- Number of section staff is </B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial" ><B>39</B></FONT><B> members.</B></div> <div> <B>B- Activities:</B></div> <div> <B>- Screening for fungicide effectiveness for Egyptian agricultural disease problems. Research in this area is often in cooperation with other sections of the institutes.</B></div> <div> <B>- Studying the fate of fungicides in plants and soils and their effect on non-target microorganisms.</B></div> <div> <B>- Developing sound and economical fungicide control programs to maximize effectiveness and minimize environmental pollution.</B></div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Aria006c002d00f000330000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Carrying out toxicological studies to detect fungicide residue in edible crops to minimize public health hazards.</B></div> <div> <B>C- Achievement:</B></div> <div> <B>Research in the fields of fungicides and bioassay is focused on four major objectives. The first is an evaluation of newly introduced fungicides, prior to their registration on Egyptian crops. In the last decade, a large number of systemic fungicides have been introduced worldwide. Before Egyptian farmers could use each, it had to be screened and evaluated under field conditions for three successive seasons. Only the most effective compounds were then recommended for registration. During this period, more than 20 fungicides have been registered and some are being successfully applied. Some common compounds that fall into this group include Benomyl, Thiabendazole, Carbendazim, Vinclozolon, Imazalil, Prochloraz, and many more.</B></div> <div> <B>Another significant set of achievements includes studying the side effects of fungicides on non-target microorganisms, especially those that play a part in soil fertility. This research focuses on considering if fungicides injure soil microflora and if microflora can be used to attack fungicide molecules so as to leave the soil detoxified. The main microbiological process in soil fertility is nitrogen fixation, nitrification and ammonification. Fortunately, most of the popular fungicides do not affect the nitrification process by microorganisms when applied at the recommended doses. Even incases where nitrogen fixation processes have been damaged to its amphoteric properties. It has been found that the most sensitive organisms play the most important roles in the degradation process. Quintozen and dicloran were both found to be susceptible to attack by fungal and bacterial degradation.</B></div> <div> <B>Today, the fate of fungicides and their toxic residues in edible crop plants is considered important. Export crops such as oranges and strawberries are treated to prevent rot during shipping and storage. Thiabendazole (TBZ) is incorporated into the wax that oranges are treated with to protect them from rot during packing, transportation and shipping abroad. TBZ residues were detected and diffused levels of the fungicide to the juice were 0.98 ppm, approximately 10% of the original concentration applied to the peel. During storage, the residues decreased sharply to acceptable levels of 0.30 to 0.10 ppm after 70 days.  </B></div> <div> <B>Other accomplishments in fungicides and bioassay research include resistance of phytopathogens to fungicides and how to manage diseases which have become resistant to chemical controls. The repeated use of systemic fungicides has created a high degree of selective pressure for resistant pathogens. Field trials have been carried out to predict resistance by means of simulated field experiments and mathematical modeling with computers. Repeated applications of benomyl on squash powdery mildew resulted in resistant genotypes of </B><I><B>Erysiphe cichoracearum, </B></I><B>the causal organism. Similar results were obtained with repeated spraying over successive seasons with triadimefon, finarimol and puperimate. Math ematical models have been modified for early prediction of resistance in </B><I><B>Botrytis cinerea </B></I><B>and </B><I><B>Sphaerotheca macularis,</B></I><B> the pathogens for gray mold and powdery mildew in strawberry.</B></div> <div> <A HREF="id116_m.htm" TITLE="6 Integrated Control Research:"><U><B><IMG SRC="1f05a280.gif" border=0 width="90" height="40" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></U></A></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="_"><U><B><IMG SRC="1ae1e1e0.gif" border=0 width="30" height="30" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></U></A></div> <div> <B> </B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0033" FACE="Arial Black" ><B>Back</B></FONT><B> </B><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FF0000" FACE="Arial Black" ><B>To</B></FONT><B> Home</B></div> </td> </tr></table></body>