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I B
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RELIGION AND THE PRIESTHOOD
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THE LITURGICAL TRADITIONS
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The Zoroastrian priesthood has been the repository of ancient wisdom and the Sacred Word of Power, the Manthravani. Many esoteric symbols and actions are a part of their oral training and traditions. Although the common ceremonies pertaining to the initiation Navjote, wedding and funeral ceremonies performed are included in the Living Heritage Project Part I-A, the higher religious ceremonies are likely to die out with an aging priesthood. It has to be remembered that most of the prayers and accompanying rituals are part of an oral tradition and are recited from memory.
Details of this part of the Project will be worked out in consultation with priests who too will need to be sensitized to the need for recording "inner" ceremonies. Audio and digibeta recording as well as documentation of these ceremonies will be covered in this module of the Project. Explanations and reasons for particular priestly traditions will be collected from the Priesthood.
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THE MAGI
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CAMPARITIVE STUDIES
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THE KUSTI SUDREH
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Historical details of this ancient heritage of wisdom. Philosophers, Mathematicians, Astronomers. The Zaotar and Raspi, their roles as Hamkars of the Almighty. The 8 categories of priests. The Staota Yasna liturgy. Priestly correspondence, the Rivayats. Reports of Europeans, travelers, antiquarians on the priesthood. The Haoma ritual, the Jivam, the Chasni. |
The Gathas and Rig Vedas, the phonetic links. The Manthra as the Sacred word of power. The cult of Haoma / Soma (Vedic), the Sabza and Tulsi both basil plants. Sacred thread ceremonies. Fire worship/ Agni Pooja, honouring the Elements. Reverence to Sun and Moon. The Creation story of The Bundahisn and others. Quantifying similarities and differences e.g. Ahura vs. Asura. Zoroastrian influences on and cross cultural links with the Greeks, the Jews, the western esoteric traditions e.g. the Essenes, Rosicrucians, the Neoplatonists, the Cathars etc. to be studied. Influences on Christianity and Islam to be collated. |
Historical analysis, Zarathushtra's interpretation, symbolism and significance in daily life and rituals. Comparisions with the janoi and the girdle of the Christian faith. |
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ZARATHUSHTRA
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FIRE
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CEREMONIES WITH EXPLANATIONS
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Life and works. The Gathas as the foundation of the religion. An emphasis on human Responsibility and Choice. The Ahunavar and Ashem Vohu. The Hamkar tradition and how it is used in liturgical ceremonies. The omniscience of Ahura Mazda, the stress on wisdom, the defeat of Ahriman, the Priest's role and importance in the destruction of evil and propagation of Truth. The Jashan of Zarthost no Deeso. Legends regarding the Prophet, e.g. those from the Dinkard. |
Core of religious symbolism. Emblem of the divine, necessary for all religious ceremonies. Ceremonies for creation of fire temples. The Maachi, the Boi, the Atash Niyash. Symbolism of offerings to fire, equality of all men in the eyes of God. Humility as signified in the ash. Fire temples, their degrees and establishment and their importance. Specific temples to be recorded. Udwada, Navsari, Atash Behrams, Agiaries and Dar-e-Mehers to be selected e.g. Goti ,Aslaji. |
The Ijashne. The Jashan and its manifestations. The Baj. The Maachi. The Visparad. The Vendidad. The Afringan. The Gehs. The significance of the Zindeh Ravan. The Tandarosti, Navjote, wedding, funeral prayers and ceremonies. The Nahn. The Navar and the Martab ceremonies. |
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THE AMESHA SPENTA/YAZATAS & NATURE
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THE FRAVASHIS
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MYSTICS IN THE TRADITION
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The Yashts. The Niyashes. The Sarosh Baj. The Jashans of Ava, Adar, Tir and other Parabs. The Behram Yasht for power. The specific plants for ceremonies, barasom twigs, pomegranate leaves, the sabza, the data palm and their symbolism. Flowers to welcome the Fravashis and Yazatas. The Afrin Haft Ameshaspand. The Six Gahambars and links with the Six aspects of Creation. |
The Fraverdegan/ Jashans of Muktad days. The Satum and Farokshi. Ritual meals and the Myazda offerings. The Farvardin Yasht, the Farishtas. Afrin Ardafarosh. Afrin Rapithwin. Afrin Buzorg. Afrin Zarthosht. Afrin Hamkar, Afrin Dahman. |
The Arda Viraf Nameh. Shah Faridun and the Mehergan Jashan. Shah Minocher and Tiryan. Shah Lorashp, Shah Jamshed. Kukadaru Saheb. Muskil Asan Bavaji. Behedin Homaji, Jamasp Vazir, Behedin Framroze, Shah Kaikhushru Saheb. Ardabad Marespand. The Kshnoom teachings and the Pundol Group. The promise of a Saoshyant. A record of miracles performed in legends and myths. |
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COMMUNITY PRAYERS
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PURIFICATION RITES
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HOLY IMPLEMENTS
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The Samast Bandigi e.g. Banaji Atash Behram. The Hamkar Ceremony for Martabs. The Hamazor in ceremonies. The Six Gahambars. The role of community prayers in aiding the good creation and destroying evil. |
Purity of body is seen as an emblem of purity of spirt. Therefore these rituals are regarded as essential. The Padyab. The Nahn. The Bareshnum. The Khub. The Riman. The Nirangdin. The Nirangs against druj. The Vendidad. The Vanant Yasht. The Patets. Use of the pavi, sacred spaces for prayer. The Towers of Silence, for maintenance of ritual purity after death. |
Implements used in worship e.g. the Afargan, Chamach, the Chipio, the Mahrui etc. Records of these collections to be made. Torans and Muktad Vases in Fire Temple collections. Family records as maintained for prayers across generations. Paintings in fire temples |
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TRAINING SYSTEM
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VARASIO & OTHER ANIMALS
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THE DECLINING PRIESTHOOD
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The osta / osti upbringing. The Maderessa. The Navar, Martab training. The training and wisdom required for the Dasturship |
Selection of the Varasio, the purity rites and care. Taro, Gomez, an ancient ritual. The use of the dog at funerals, at the Bareshnum ceremonies etc. The Bahman Jashan. |
Economic and sociological issues. The reluctance of youth both priests and laity to continue the Panthaki tradition. Vacant fire temples, with no priests to tend the fire are seen across the country. The loss of higher liturgical ceremonies due to the lack in the number of priests required. The para-mobeds as a one solution. Sociological and psychological inputs required for revival and resurgence. |
I B METHODOLOGY
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ACTIVITY
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TECHNICAL ASPECT
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TECHNICIANS
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Research. Recording visual and audio of ceremonies and explanations for Digi Beta tapes and CD ROM. Research and recording of priestly traditions which have so far only been handed down over the centuries through the oral tradition. Research to examine the differences in the Parsi Zoroastrian and the Iranian liturgical ceremonies, quantify the influences from the Indian tradition. Micro-filming of important community records as found in fire temples and with Priests. Madressa libraries and records to be examined for microfilming/ digitilizing. Production of a book on the liturgical traditions and the Priesthood as second in the Series. Collection and preservation of implements of worship from defunct or disused fire temples. |
Digi Beta and audio recordings for archival purposes and for inclusion in the CD. Research and monographs on specific aspects by Priests/ Theologians/ Academicians. Micro filming of records. Modalities of this part of the Project have to take into account the need for trained Zoroastrian personnel who will be permitted access into fire temples. Sociological study and data collection. Translation of scholarly works. Reprinting Programme. Book printing after research and collation of information. Production of book as second in the Parsi Heritage Series. |
Researchers, Field workers, film makers, microfilm team, sociologist's inputs. Senior Priests who can explain each aspect of the `inner" ceremonies. Priest to act as resource personnel. Translators and scholars of both Avesta / Pahlavi, as well as European languages. Scholars who can evaluate the interweaving of Iranian and Indian traditions in some of the prayers. Similarities and differences in the rituals of the Indian and Iranian tradition to be analysed. Authors, editor ,publisher |
FINANCIAL ASPECTS
Costing will take into account translations, travel, research, data collection, the reprinting programme and cost of printing a book as the second in the series on the Parsi Zoroastrians. Sociological data collection, the Questionnaire and its analysis will have to be worked out. The Digi Beta recording ,production of Archival tapes, audio recording, film clips and inputs into the CD-ROM are also to be worked out in detail.