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Written
Spanish helps one learn Spanish
Spanglish is a writing system based on the last consistent English alphabet: the augmented Latin alphabet known as the West Saxon Standard [ca. 1000 AD]. An alphabet is a consistent set of correspondences between sounds and symbols (letters). Alphabetical writing systems are highly phonemic. Old English (Anglo Saxon) was over 90% phonemic or consistent with its correspondence table. Modern English is only 40% phonemic. It is consistent with its pronunciation guide only 40% of the time. The traditional writing system is mostly logographic but contains phonological cues. In many cases, English is spelled the way the language was spoken centuries ago. This archaic spelling would not be a problem if words pronounced the same as they were in the 14th Century. In some cases they are: [pear] is pronounced the same, [ear] isn't. In most cases where the same spelling has different pronunciations [e.g., live] it is because the pronunciation of some words have changed. There should have been a corresponding change in the spelling [liv laiv]. Archaic spelling is often chaotic and confusing due the lack of correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. Spanglish improves the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation but, without the addition of diacritics, falls short of being a perfect phonemic solution. Normally, every vowel letter refers to two related sounds: o = awe or owe. "Idealy, English
ot tu contein a singl distinct mark or caractr az the reprisentativ ov
ich simpl saund hwich iz posibl for the human vois an breth tu 'atr.
"No mark shwd reprisent twu or thri distinct saundz nor shwd eni simpl
saund bi represented bai twu or thri difrent caractrz."
Spanglish writes or transcribes modern English speech the way that Saxon speech was transcribed 1000 years ago. The augmented Latin alphabet works as well today as when it was first devised for Anglo Saxon. The Saxon table, with a few minor adjustments such as using sh for /S/ rather than sc, works better than any alternative set of correspondences. That is, it will produce more understandable spelling pronunciations. The superiority of the Saxon correspondences is found in the diphthongs: ei=eh-ee, ai=ah-ee, au=ah-oo or ae=oo, ow=aw-uu or uh-uu where [uu] is the sound in "hook" and "wool". ESL students often pronounce English words as if the Vowel Shift never occurred. It may sound odd but it works. Most words pronounced with unshifted vowels are still identifiable. The international pronunciation of [idea] /ee-day-ah/ can be understood by English speakers. The chart [above right] gives two pronunciations of each vowel letter: [a=ah and ago, e=edge and erg]. The short vowels in the first column are checked - they must be followed by a consonant. The checked vowel can be indicated by doubling the trailing consonant: [batter, bitter] or by using a grave accent [bàter bìtèr]. In ASCII plain text, a period could be used or one could just live with the ambiguity. [liv=live or leave] Spanglish involves at least three distinct proposals. The initial proposal is to use Spanglish as a transitional writing system (or ITA) to teach reading and writing. As a starting point for learning traditional English spelling (TS), it makes sense to use the original correspondence table. Spanglish restores the Saxon alphabet and uses this to sound out spellings. If the pronunciation is intelligible, the traditional spelling is left unchanged. Spanglish is normally an extremely broad diaphonic transcription. With added diacritics, it can also be used for narrow phonemic transcriptions. This makes it possible to use the same script as a pronunciation guide in an Saxon Spanglish or Englic dictionary. [ day [dye] /dey/, hat [haht] /haet/, the [theh] /dhè/ ]. Pronunciation guides require a base dialect such as GA [General American] or RP [educated british]. Pure phonemic spelling respells 60% of the words in the dictionary. Phonemic Spanglish would do the same. Unaccented Spanglish, however, only respells those words that cannot be understood when pronounced according to the simple Spanglish correspondence chart. Writing samples. Spelling Reform Proposal This is not the first
time that a Spanish or Latin based systematic orthography has been proposed
for English. In the 1940's, Member of Parliament, Mont Follick, promoted
a Spanish based spelling system he had devised in the 1930's. He
almost pushed through a bill that would have used it to reform English
spelling. The compromise to Follick's reform proposal was the approval
of a large scale evaluation
of an initial teaching alphabet or ITA.1 Pitman's augmented roman was selected as the ITA. Pitman's notation was not spanish based but sufficiently consistent to prove the point that alphabetical spelling would be easier to teach and learn. Those who knew the code could spell any word they could correctly pronounce. If a child could tell a story, they could quickly learn to write it. The time required to memorize 40 letter shapes and an associated sound has been estimated to be as low as two days [cf. M. McLuhan, Mark Twain]. Children can master a consistent code consisting of 40 paired-associates (or 40 grapheme -phoneme correspondences) in under 3 months. The chief benefits of using an ITA are (1) less confusion, (2) a more positive learning experience, (3) quicker success. After learning how to read and write alphabetically, a child is better able to cope with nonsensical or unsystematic traditional spellings. The ITA movement peaked in
the early 1970's. The phonics movement enjoyed a resurgence of popularity
in the 1990's. In a phonics class, students may be encouraged to
invent their own spellings based on a partial understanding of common English
spelling patterns. With Pitman's ITA, they were taught a consistent code
(one spelling per sound). Both approaches work to a point.
Phonics can only deal with the words in the dictionary that are spelled phonetically or alphabetically. ITA and today's phonics teacher are in agreement up to this point. The problem is that only 40% of the words in the dictionary -- and even a lower percentage of the words in a sample of text -- are spelled alphabetically. Many of the word spellings are historically alphabetic. They are spelled as they were pronounced when England adopted the Roman alphabet. The phonics teacher may spell
the long vowels pale, peel, pile, pole, pool. The ITA teacher eliminates
the magic e but uses the silent e to mark the long vowel:
pale-pael, pile-piel, pole-poel.
Spanglish is an attempt to undo the damage done by the great vowel shift. This is when certain vowels in many words started to be pronounced in a more closed position. a [ah] started to be pronounced [eh], [eh] started to be pronounced [ih/ee]. REPEAT reh-peh-aht --> rih-peet: IPA /ripI:t/. Spanglish supports an expanded
tolerance for phonetic spellings: [ pile-pail,
pole-poal/powl,
sigh-sai,
taste-teist] but finds great utility in standardized
word spelling. Spanglish accepts two standards: It retains historical spellings
that can be understood when pronounced according to the Saxon alphabet.
It also accepts phonemic spellings. Spelling according to the dictionary
pronunciation guide. With Saxon Spanglish, the two are always close.
The most difficult transition is from systematic spelling to unsystematic spelling -- particularly with respect to encoding. Unsystematic spelling is relatively easy to decode for those who have mastered ITA just as it is relatively easy for those familiar with TO to read passages in Spanglish or New Spelling. Writing (and spelling) is another matter. Some adults blame Pitman's ITA for their continuing inability to spell according to the dictionary. The truth is that spelling unfamiliar words in TO is a problem for everyone. It is possible to improve ones spelling, however, by focusing on the spelling patterns with the highest probabilities. After that the only recourse is to memorize the dictionary. Less than half of the dictionary spellings of English vocabulary are phonetic or alphabetic. At some point the student has to transition to our illogical spelling system and learn such things as when to add useless silent letters such as the e at the end of give, have and machine. The only real solution, and the one recommended by Webster, is spelling reform: the elimination of archaic spellings and the substitution of alphabetic spellings. Phonics classes often suggest that letters have sounds rather than that our language has 34 pure phonemes to which 26 letters or letter combinations (digraphs) have been paired or assigned. (more) A phonemic approach codes or assigns a symbol only to the significant sound segments (or phonemes) in English speech and once the symbol is assigned it is not reused for another sound. It is not the limitations of the Roman alphabet but the irrational use of it, e.g., allowing code overlaps, that creates most of the problems. A phoneme is a range of sounds (allophones) that are treated as equivalent by the users of a particular speech population. It is the smallest unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning. A phonemic difference is a change in sound that signifies a change in meaning [pat:pet]. Phoneme boundaries, however, are often "fuzzy." Language users depend on context to determine which phoneme is being referenced. This is why we can understand the Australian's g' dah-ee as meaning "good day." According to the Saxon alphabet,
[dah-ee] is the correct pronunciation of [day]. Those who want to
reference North American pronunciation of this word would have to spell
the word dey to rhyme with they rather than dye.
In many cases, English is spelled the way the language was spoken centuries ago. Matching current pronunciation to this archaic spelling is often a guessing game. To retain the alphabetic principle, other countries have purged their dictionaries of archaic spellings and respelled these words to match current pronunciation. English has chosen to stick with historical spelling resulting in a system that is only 40% alphabetic and much more complicated and difficult to learn that it needs to be.
Spanglish is one of several possible ways to reform and regularize English spelling. Most new code proposals are anglocentric. They are based on one of the dominant English spelling patterns. They do not consider the spelling patterns found in the writing systems of other European languages. Spanglish is one of the exceptions. (See how many ways can you spell DAY) Spanglish is similar to the code adopted by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and nearly identical to the code used to write the Spanish language. There is a difference between a code that merges dialect differences and a code that distinguishes peculiar speech patterns. One is referred to as a broad (phonemic) transcription of speech, the other as a narrow (phonetic) transcription. Spanglish is phonemic - it codes only differences in sound that convey differences in meaning. A phonemic basis permits standardized spelling despite dialect differences in pronunciation. Spanglish
spelling is not fully standardized. It allows a narrow variation
[e.g., day or dey ]. Traditional spelling is accepted when there
is a community of English speakers who pronounce the word as it is spelled
in TO. The spelling of words derived from Latin and Greek is standardized
but Spanglish pronunciation of these words is international rather than
anglocentric [idea = ee-deh-ah].
Thus, the only words that have to be respelled are the ones that fail to produce understandable utterances when they are pronounced as they are spelled. Double letters usually do not change the pronunciation of a word. However, Spanglish routinely removes these redundancies [letter becomes letr]. TO
spellings often have 20 or more possible
pronunciations. Known pronunciations often have 14 or more possible
spellings, finding the correct one is often a guessing game.
Spanglish merges the two letters that reference the [ah] sound in the traditional orthography (TO). The sound associated with the letter A in apple is given a new sound sign [æ] as it was by the early scribes who first transcribed Anglo-Saxon using the Latin alphabet (circa 900 A.D.). The early scribes borrowed several letters from the runic alphabet for the sounds that were not present in Latin such as the eth [ð], thorn [þ] and ash [æ]. These letters are still used in Icelandic which is why they are available in Latin I. Without diacritics or new letters, Spanglish sacrifices accuracy for simplicity. However, having two vowel sounds associated with each vowel letter is better than 20, the average for English. (more) Spanglish includes three symbols that are no longer the most common way to reference the sound. [ei-ey] for the vowel sound in they and ape. [ai] for the sound in aisle, ice, eye. [i-y] for the sound in ski, amino and very. Spanglish introduces new sound signs for the short checked vowels found in English but not Spanish. On a typewriter the short u (as in bull) is marked with an apostrophe (b'ul). This is easily converted to a grave accented character in HTML (bùl). Another option is to use the w as a vowel in the same way it is used in the word low (bwl). To clearly mark the pronunciation of an ambiguous word, long (free) vowels can be marked when followed by a consonant. see me hit sweet would be either si mi h'it swit or si mi hit swiit. Logically, there is no need to double vowels but sometimes redundancy may be useful. Spanglish supplements Spanish orthography with a few English spelling conventions [h, j, ch, th, ny, w, er]. (In Spanish, the h is silent and the j is associated with the English h sound, ). y and w are semivowels: By marking syllable boundaries they are similar to consonants. By being frictionless, they are similar to vowels. Follick, who developed a Spanish orthography for English in 1934, had no use for these letters since he spelled the 5 Ws as hu, huat, huer, huen, huai. Yes was spelled ies. However, without the semivowels, it is difficult to distinguish year from ear. "Huat du iu uant this ir" looks odd. "Wat du yu want this yir" also looks odd but a little less so. ![]() Since the new sound signs (shown in dark yellow below) are not used to write Spanish, Spanglish has minimal impact on the writing of Spanish. English written in Spanglish looks different but can be read without resorting to a key. 5 Latin Vowels - 12 English Vowels
NEXT CHART>> A complete analysis of the vowels in English speech 24+ English Vowel Phonemes with Spanglish Correspondences Unfamiliar graphemes may include checked æ à ì è ò ô-ao ù.free ii uu and diphthongs ai ei é au
Before rejecting Spanglish as an alternative notation for English, consider the fact that all phonemic notations will look odd to someone brought up on a steady diet of traditional English orthography (TO). No consistent writing system is going to match the TO more than 50% of the time. The advantages of alphabetic sound spelling include the ability to spell any word you can pronounce or pronounce any word you see spelled. |
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While
world English has shown tremendous growth, within the U.S. southwest, Spanish
has shown the greatest increase. Returning to the original Latin based
English alphabet, would decrease the divide.
If
present trends continue, there will be more native Spanish speakers in
some states than native English speakers. To maintain the dominance
of English, every effort needs to be made to make it easier for those who
have to learn it as a second language. The easiest change would be
to adopt a common orthography. Why not write the same sounds the
same way in both languages?
The two organizations are leading a drive to stop bilingualism and make English the official language of the United States. They also support a strong movement in many states to enact legislation declaring English to be the official state language. In the end, this may prove to be a short sighted solution because when Spanish speakers outnumber native English speakers, they could play the same game and declare that Spanish be the official language of the State. To maintain the dominance of English, the problems its archaic spelling poses to those learning to read and write needs to be addressed. The memory task has to be reduced from 400 spellings per sound to 80 or less. Even
if Spanish does not become the de facto language in some states,
there are good reasons for developing a simplified spelling system that
could be used by speakers of both languages. A common orthography
would make it easier for a bilingual population to communicate and would
make English easier to teach and learn. Such a reform would benefit both
English speaking and Spanish speaking learners.
After a few lessons, most will find it easier to spell an unfamiliar word in Spanglish than in English. Learning Spanglish should also improve the student's ability to spell in Spanish and English. English is difficult for native Spanish speakers for the same reason it is difficult for early learners. The orthography is archaic and chaotic. English speaking school children take nearly four years to achieve the level of reading and writing proficiency that Spanish speaking children achieve in one. A partial solution to the bilingual problem might be to adopt a bilingual orthography that would make it easier for native Spanish speakers and others for whom English was not a first language to learn English. This is not as outlandish as it may seem at first. Shortly after the Romans occupied England, there was shared orthography. When the Roman alphabet was first adopted, English was alphabetic and English speakers and Latin speakers wrote the same sounds the same way. Over time, the pronunciation of English words changed but instead of changing the spelling, the English retained the archaic spellings. The result, as Noah Webster noted, was that English words ceased to be spelled alphabetically. Words were no longer pronounced the way they were spelled. Adopting Spanglish would realign English spelling with Latin and the orthographies of Europe. |
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Spanglish: What would English look like
if it were transcribed into the orthography used for Spanish...
http://victorian.fortunecity.com/vangogh/555/Spell/spanglish.htm
Ol fonimik raiting sistemz l'uk streinj at ferst. This iz unavoidabl becoz only 40% of English werdz ar speld foneticly. The 60% that ar spelt inconsistently wil bi rispelt by an alfabetical raiting sistem. (Spanglish) Brown, Bob. (1991).
Annotated
bibliography on spelling reform. London:
The Simplified Spelling Society
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| Notes:
a (at, ate,
want, are, ago,
au/w ) other ways to spell vowel
sound in ate (pay, paid, they, vein, ... )
Most phonics programs introduce
about 30 phonograms (or sound signs).
Uhgly spellings:
The a is a key sound sign in Spanglish and merged with two other sounds, ah, uh, and possibly ah-eh or ash. All the other sound signs have only two associates. The long e is not used but if it were it would be close to /ei/ as in resume'. It would not be the ee in /i:l/ (eel). The system worked because it reverts to the original system before all of the vowel shifts. All languages change over time. The way particular words are pronounced change. To keep the writing systems aligned with current pronunciation, it has to be updated. Since the grapheme-phoneme pairings should not be changed, the alternative is to change the spelling on the words that have acquired a new pronunciation. Spanglish wants to return to the original grapheme-phoneme pairings, which happen to be the same ones used in other European languages. English has adopted the practice of keepting the old spellings and effectively changing the GP correspondences. The problem is that it doesn't work because only half of the words have changed pronunciations. Y and W are reserved to mark syllable boundaries in English. They could, however, be also used as vowels. The Welsh use W for the sound in hook [hwk]. It makes sense but takes some g used to.l |
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General
principles of practical orthographic reform:
Although the morphemic principle conflicts with the alphabetic or phonemic principle, there may be enough advantages to standardized spelling of morphemes to make it worth the trouble and confusion. For the current version of Spanglish, the plural is s or z rather than s and es. Standardized morphemic spelling makes it impossible to distinguish between ice (ais) and eyes (ais/aiz). The plural is sometimes s and sometimes es (pianos/potatoes) which complicates standardization. Spanglish (ais, aiz, pianoz, potatoz /paw-tah-tohz/. Unambiguous Phonemic Spanglish (poa-tei-toaz). How alphabetic
or phonemic is tradtiional English spelling?
To stop the music, click
the off switch on the control panel.
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| Augustine ( d, 604) came
to Kent in AD 597 and converted
the king of Kent whose wife was a Celtic Christian. The Romans officially
recognized Christianity in the 4th Century and brought it to England around
this time. Old English glossaries were written in AD
700 translating Latin words into old English. Most Old English texts
were written in the period following the reign of King AElfred (AD
849 - 899). Old English Spellings: scop-poet, (down bent
F) æsc - ash, (up-bent
F) ac -oak, (fancy T) ear or 'r (earth), x = j/g, (|) is (ice)
prob. ees, (Ih) ic - I (ai) prob. eek. (PFN) wæs
-was. See Crystal, The English Language Runes
Icelandic bg-red-yelo12.gif
----
English needs two new letters for the vowel sounds. One for the sound of a in pat, cat, which is Saxon /ae/ in liaison and is differnt from a sound in father, car. Second new vowel letter is for the schwa sound, as a in ago, and the unstressed e in teacher. The vowel letters a, e, i, o, u, should be sounded as all nations who use Roman alphabet sound them. --Dr. Paul
Mitrevski
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[from Dr. Yule] We read traditional spelling and think we talk like everyone else, but others think we [Australians] talk like this: "Oh wy O wy must I dy tody,
such a beautiful dy to dy . .etc.
[SB] Certainly some of these
are legitimate spelling pronunciations: day=dai=dah-ee, die=dee-uh, basin=bah-sihn,
wosh=wawsh, your=yaw-or..yawr..
These links are bad small red spanglish
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