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| What
is the best way to display English vowel phonemes and their corresponding
sound signs? What is the most insightful way to compare alternate
notations and reform proposals?
Grapheme-Phoneme Correspondences can be listed in alphabetical order or similar sounds can be grouped.
Almost all reform orthographies are better in at least one respect: They are more consistent than the traditional orthography. Proposals to reconnect spelling and pronunciation have been advanced since 1500 but the only reforms that can be said to have "caught on" have been those with a special application such as shorthands and i. t. a.'s (Initial Teaching Alphabets).
The major deterant to widespread adoption has been the lack of resemblance between orthographies that are near 100% alphabetic and the traditional one which is about 50% alphabetic. kan U rEd xis? kaen iu rid dis? Since new codes are typically developed to optimize a particular dimension, it is almost impossible to rank or choose between them. Consistency and ease of use are important dimensions. Ease of use would include being able to read the reform script without a key. There are several ways to compare alternate notations for English. The original letter matrix borrowed the conventions used by Pitman in Alphabets and Reading. The one below returns to an alphabetical arrangement - grouping the long & short vowels with the closest blend or diphthong. Letter Matrix with clickable sounds The ultimate question is "Which grapheme should be associated or paired with which phoneme?" The project does not answer that question but provides an easier way to examine alternative proposals phoneme by phoneme. By comparing a wide variety of proposals, it should be possible for researchers locate problem pairings and to arrive at more informed conclusions.<next screen> <jump to alt. notations chart> <augmented alphabets> |
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| There
have been hundreds of orthographic proposals to solve what Ben Pitman called
the
alphabet
problem. The problem is created by the
inconsistency of TO (the traditional orthography).
Words that look the same are not pronounced the same [e.g., dose, rose, lose [do's, ro'z, luz] - done, gone, one, tone [dun, gon, wun]. Syllables and words that are pronounced the same [e.g., oh, owe, bow, beau, whoa, foe, fro] are not spelled the same. The solution seems obvious, just spell each sound one way [o' bo' wo', fo' fro']. Novices often think that they are the only ones who ever came up with this solution. Even some of those who publish books on the topic often seem unaware of the hundreds of others who have suggested more systematic notations. |
The
problem
The problem is to find a code that will be easy enough to read for those familiar with the old code and consistent enough with the more alphabetic orthographies of other languages to facilitate learning. It is the quest for tri-codal compatibility that makes the task difficult. The one area where there is no need to reinvent the wheel is with respect to the English phonemes. The significant speech sounds for English were identified over 100 years ago. Novices typically underestimate the number of significant sounds particularly sounds that have never been associated with a particular letter or digraph such as schwa. One should realize
that the phoneme is a range of acoustic values that are treated
as equivalent by a community. It is not a discrete sound segment with clearly
defined boundaries.
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| There are many
acoustical differences in speech patterns that do not make a difference
in meaning or interpretation.
The phoneme
is a difference
By definition, a phoneme is a difference in sound that makes a difference in meaning. bi.d and bi:d [bead] are the same C-V-C except for the slight difference in the long [free] and short [checked] vowel. Any time a difference in sound yields a difference in meaning, you have found a phoneme. A phoneme is usually defined as a minimal contrastive sound unit of language. Two phones (sounds) are realizations of different phonemes if they produce phonological contrasts -- if they figure in at least one minimal pair. All spoken languages are phonemic. Writing systems are phonemic to the extent that they accurately map the significant sound categories of the language. |
A phonemic
(or alphabetic) writing system is one that attempts to assign one and only
one grapheme to each phoneme. Spanish spelling is 90% phonemic, English
is 40% phonemic. The phonemicity
of a writing system can be determined by comparing it to a fully consistent
code. A phonetic notation refers to a narrow transcription
as opposed to a broad phonemic transcription.
Spelling reform proposals differ with respect to (1) how much of the TO, the erratic system to which we have become accustom, they try to retain, (2) the extent to which they limit themselves to the traditional Roman character set, and (3) how close they adhere to the alphabetic principal. All of the 8 listed proposals are more alphabetic, phonemic, and systematic than TO The letter matrix project tries to answer the question [How best to graphically represent spoken English?] by comparing a wide variety of orthographic reform proposals phoneme by phoneme. It allows one to examine the alternative graphemes that have been associated with each phoneme in the inventory of significant speech sounds. <next screen> |
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| School
children are taught that the vowels are aeiou and that there is
a long and short version of each vowel. This tends to underestimate the
number of vowel phonemes in English. There are not ten but at least 21
essential vowels.
Children are also taught that the long vowels "say their names." While it is true that "ei, i: ai, ou, iu" are all long, most are blends of pure vowels. The long vowels recognized by linguists are quite different as shown in the chart below |
The
list of free vowels includes two that were never assigned unique letters.
They are often referred to as obscure
vowels. They are certainly obscured by the traditional orthography. All
pure vowels deserve a letter yet even some of the better phonemic systems
do not have a symbol for shwa.
The easiest way to memorize the vowel phonemes is to group them into four categories: checked, free, blended, and vowels combined with schwa. Each column has six entries. Sample texts written in different notations |
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IPA
notation is fine but includes several special characters which are not
readily available.
Chekt speling
(shown above) and several of the other notations (see
next chart) use only ASCII
characters.
There are reform
proposals that use no ASCII characters such as Shavian.
and Pictographic
Monofon.
The checked/free/combined
organization of the graphemes also facilitates learning these notations.

| Ol fonimi.k
ryting si.stmz lu.k streinj a.t f'rst. Thi.s
i.z una'voidabl bikoz onli 40% ov Ingli.sh w'rdz ar
spelt foneti.kli. Th 60% that ar spelt i.nka'nsi.stentli
wi.l bi rispelt by a.n alfa'beti.kl ryting si.stm.(Chekt
Speling)
ol fonEmik ryting sist'mz lu.k strAnj at fRst. this iz una'voida'bl bikoz onli 40% ov EngliS wRdz qr spelt fonetikli. x 60% xat qr spelt inkunsistentlE wil bE rEspelt by an alfa'betikl ryting sist'm. (Unigraf-downsize) ol fonEmik rItiN sistcmz luk strAnj at fcrst. this iz cncvoidabl bikoz Only 40% av EngliS wcrdz qr speld fOnetikli. Dc 60% Dat qr speld inkcnsistentlE wil bE rEspelD bI an alf All foneemic
ryting sistems lwk straynj at ferst. Thiss is una'voida'bl becaus only
40% ov English werds ar speld foneticly. The 60% that ar speld
inconsistently wil be respeld by an alfabetikl ryting sistem.(OGD-restored
English)
Ol foniemic raiting sisstemz luk streinj at ferst. This iz unnavoidabl becoz oanly 40% av English werdz aar speld foneticly. The 60% that aar speld inconsisstently will bi respeld bai an alfabetical raiting sisstem.
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Rye vowels
unvoiced: p t T tS ch f k s
S y h.... rmn n wy
voiced b d D dS j v
g z Z w ng
vowels r m i
ae @ o w oi aw illogical mix
l n E A I ^ uu
au aa
Thirty-one
(31) vowels may seem a bit too much but that happens to be what is in theinventory.
Most inventories
do not include all of the R-combinations. The R-combinations are there
because
this is a source
of many problems. TO and most of the orthographies
designed to improve on TO
have difficulty
handling these sound combinations. [discussion]
Formatted
Table
for email Another
chart of alternate notations. Another type of chart.
| .Comments |
Send comments to saundspel@egroups.com
C3 [oi] There seems to be a consensus on how to represent this diphthong, however, only CKS has the correct component sounds. [aw+ee] (see or)
D2 Replace @ with the schwa.
D1 Jones does not recognize this as a separate phoneme because in RP, aa and a@ cannot be distinguished.
Allen and West developed a spelling text based on using table coordinates instead of "esoteric IPA notation". The table coordinates were written under the vowel letter or digraph to indicate the appropriate pronunciation. According to Allen, students object to having to learn a pronunciation guide or ITM. Ic1sayc2newc5boyc3... Is supposed to be easier tha 'I sei nu boi...
Send your comments
to Steve for a quick reply and
a possible inclusion on the update of this page.
| nU @lfabets for EGliS |
D simplifYd speliG sOsYeti
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american litRasi kWnsL |
simplifYd speliG E-list
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last revised: April, 1999 |
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