Спасибо за Ваше время и интерес.

Если вам не понятно значение некоторых слов щелкните на них мышкой и вы увидите их перевод.

А начнем мы с начала - с простого английского предложения и порядка слов в нем. Если в русском языке он не важен, то в анлийском предложении строго определенный порядок слов.

NORMAL SENTENCE PATTERN IN ENGLISH

SUBJECT

The subject is the agent of the sentence in the active voice; it is the person or thing that performs or is responsible for the action of the sentence, and it normally precedes the verb. NOTE: Every sentence in English must have a subject. (In the case of commands, the subject [you] is understood.) The subject may be a single noun.

Coffee is delicious.
Milk contains calcium.

The subject may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase is a group of words ending with a noun. (It CANNOT begin with a preposition.)

The book is on the table.
That new red car is John's.

Examples of subjects:

We girls are not going to that movie.

George likes boats.

Mary, John, George, and I went to a restaurant last night.

The weather was very bad yesterday.

The chemistry professor canceled class today.

The bank closed at two o'clock.

It can act as a pronoun for a noun or can be the subject of an impersonal verb. As the subject of an impersonal verb, the pronoun is not actually used in place of a noun, but is part of an idiomatic expression.

It rains quite often here in the summer.
It is hard to believe that he is dead.

In some sentences, the true subject does not appear in normal subject position. There can act as a pseudo-subject and is treated like a subject when changing word order to a question. However, the true subject appears after the verb, and the number of the true subject controls the verb.

There was a fire in that building last month. (verb (singular) subject (singular))

Was there a fire in that building last month? (verb subject)

There were many students in the room. (verb (plural) subject (plural))

Were there many students in the room? (verb subject)

VERB

The verb follows the subject in a declarative sentence; it generally shows the action of the sentence. NOTE: Every sentence must have a verb. The verb may be a single word.

John drives too fast.
They hate spinach.

The verb may be a verb phrase. A verb phrase consists of one or more auxiliaries and one main verb. The auxiliaries always precede the main verb.

John is going to Miami tomorrow.
(auxiliary-is; main verb—going)

Jane has been reading that book.
(auxiliaries-has, been; main verb-reading)

Examples of verbs and verb phrases:

She will go to Boston next week.

Jane is very tall.

She must have gone to the bank.

Joe has gone home.

Mary is watching television.

It was raining at six o'clock last night.

COMPLEMENT

A complement completes the verb. It is similar to the subject because it is usually a noun or noun phrase; however, it generally follows the verb when the sentence is in the active voice. NOTE: Every sentence does not require a complement. The complement CANNOT begin with a preposition. A complement answers the question what? or whom?

Examples of complements:

John bought a cake yesterday. (What did John buy?)

Jill was driving a new car. (What was Jill driving?)

He wants to drink some water. (What does he want to drink?)

She saw John at the movies (Whom did she see at the last night, movies?)

They called Mary yesterday. (Whom did they call yesterday?)

He was smoking a cigarette. (What was he smoking?)

MODIFIER

A modifier tells the time, place, or manner of the action. Very often it is a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun. NOTE: A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.

Examples of prepositional phrases:

in the morning, at the university, on the table

A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase.

last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday

NOTE: Every sentence does not require a modifier. A modifier answer the question when? where? or how?

Examples of modifiers:

John bought a book at the bookstore. (Where did John buy a book?) modifier of place

Jill was swimming in the pool (Where was Jill swimming? modifier of place) yesterday. (When was Jill swimming? modifier of time)

He was driving very fast . (How was he driving?) modifier of manner

The milk is in the refrigerator. (Where is the milk?) modifier of piece

She drove the car on Main Street. (Where did she drive?) modifier of place

We ate dinner at seven o'clock. (When did we eat dinner?) modifier of time

NOTE: The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it is a prepositional phrase, usually cannot separate the verb and the complement.

Incorrect: She drove on the street the car. (verb complement)

Correct: She drove the car on the street. (verb complement)

Exercise 1: Subject, Verb, Complement, and Modifier

Identify the subject, verb, complement, and modifier in each of the following sentences. Remember that not every sentence has a complement or modifier.

Examples: Jill / is buying / a new hat / in the store. (subject / verb phrase / complement / modifier of place)

Betty / is shopping / downtown. (subject / verb phrase/ modifier of place)

1. George is cooking dinner tonight.

2. Henry and Marcia have visited the president.

3. We can eat lunch in this restaurant today.

4. Pat should have bought gasoline yesterday.

5. Trees grow.

6. It was raining at seven o'clock this morning.

7. She opened a checking account at the bank last week.

8. Harry is washing dishes right now.

9. She opened her book.

10. Paul, William, and Mary were watching television a few minutes ago.