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CUTUBYADII BUUGGA


7. PRONOUNS -
MAGAC-U-YAALE


The following are the forms of the personal pronouns which are used after prepositions, and after most verbs:

me (mii) aniga
you (yuu) adiga, idinka
him (him) isaga
her (her) iyada
us (as) anaga
them (THem) iyaga

For example:

We believe him. Anagu waa rumeynay isaga.
We spoke to them. Anagu waa la hadalnay.


Most English prepositions are short words. Here are some examples:

from (fram) ka
in (in) dhexeda, gudaha
of (av) ee
on (on) kor, xagga sare
to (tuu) ku


The pronoun one (wan) can be used to refer to any person. For example:

If one practises every day, one can learn English in a short time.
Haddii u qof maalin waliba uu ku celceshanaayo, wuxuu ku baran karaa Ingiriska wakhti gaaban.


The pronoun it is often used when referring to the weather, or to the time. For example:

It is raining. Waxaa da ayaa roob.
It is ten o'clock. Waa tonban saac.


The following adjectives and pronouns are used to show possession:
Possessive Adjectives

my (maay) kayga
your (yoor) kaaga, wixeena
his (hiz) kiisa, wixiisa
her (her) keeda, waseeda
our (awr) waxeena
their (THeyr) waxooda


Possessive Pronouns

mine (maayn) waxeyga
yours (yoorz) wixina, waxina
his (hiz) wixiisa
hers (herz) waxeeda
ours (awrz) waxanaga
theirs (THeyrz) waxooda


A possessive adjective must usually be followed by a noun; whereas a possessive pronoun can be used alone. For example:

This is my bicycle. Kani waa bashkiil-keyga.
This bicycle is mine. Bashkiil-kani, waa keygii.


The following personal pronouns can be used for emphasis:

myself (maayself) naftayda, laftayda, qudhayda
yourself (yoorself) naftada, laftada, qudhada
himself (himself) naftiisa, qudhiisa, iskii
herself (herself) nafteeda, qudheeda, iskeeda
ourselves (awrselvz) nafteena, qudheena
yourselves (yoorselvz) naftiina, qudhiina
themselves (THemselvz) naftooda, qudhooda

For example:

He himself said it was true.
Isaga naftiisa ayaa yiri waxay eheed run.


These pronouns can also be used to refer to something which acts on itself. For example:

I washed myself. Anigu waan mayrtay.


The following pronouns can be used to refer to things which act on one another:

each other (iich aTHer) mid waliba, midka kale
one another (wan aanaTHer) mid waliba, midka kale

For example:

We know each other.
Anaga waanu is-naqaanaa midkeen, midka kale.


The following words can be used as either adjectives or pronouns:

Singular Forms

this (THis) kan, kanu, tan, tanu
that (THaat) kaas, kaasu, taas, taasu


Plural Forms

these (THiiz) kuwan, kuwanu, kuwani
those (THooz) kuwaas, kuwaasu, kuwaasi


This and these refer to things close to the speaker. For example:

This is my bicylce. Kani waa bashkiilkeyga.
These are my books. Kuwaas waa buugaagteyda.


That and those refer to things at a distance from the speaker. For example:

That is his sister. Taasi waa walaashii.
Those are his shoes. Kuwaasu waa kabahiisi.


The following words can be used when asking questions:

How? (haw) Sida?
What? (wat) Waa maxay?
When? (wen) Goor maa
Where? (weyr) Meel-maa?
Which? (wich) Kee?
Who? (huu) Kumma?
Why? (waay) Waa-yoo?

For example:

How are you? Sidee tahay?
What is happening? Waa maxaad heysaa?
When will you come? Goormaad imaan doontaa?


The pronoun who is used to refer to human beings. For example:

He is the man who helped us.
Isagu waa ninkii na caawiye.


The pronoun which is usually used to refer to things which are not human beings. For example:

The door which is open is the door of their house.
Albaabka furan waa albaabka gurigooda.


The word that is sometimes used instead of who or which. For example:

He is the man that helped us.
The door that is open is the door of their house.


Conjunctions


Here are some examples of conjunctions:

and (aand) iyo
both (booth) ... and (aand) labaduba ... iyo
but (bat) lakiin
or (oor) ama, amase

although (olTHoo) inkastoo
because (biikaz) maxaa yeelay, maxaa wacay
if (if) haddii

For example:

Although it was raining, I walked home.
Inkastoo uu roob da 'ayey waan u lugeeyi gurigi.

Both I and my brother will come.
Labadeena aniga iyo walalkey waa iman doona.


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7. MAGAC-U-YAALE -
PRONOUNS


Magac-u-yaalada soo socodo waxaa la isticmaalaa meeleeyasha ka dib iyo inta badan falalka ka dib:

me (mii) aniga
you (yuu) adiga, idinka
him (him) isaga
her (her) iyada
us (as) anaga
them (THem) iyaga

Tusaale:

We believe him. Anagu waa rumeynay isaga.
We spoke to them. Anagu waa la hadalnay.


Meeleeyasha inta badani waa eraygo gaagaaban. Halkan waxaad ku aragtaan tusaalooyin meeleeyasha Ingirisiga:

from (fram) ka
in (in) dhexeda, gudaha
of (av) ee
on (on) kor, xagga sare
to (tuu) ku


Magac-u-yaalka one (wan) mararka qaarkooda waa loo isticmaalaa, micna ahaan qof kasta. Tusaale:

If one practises every day, one can learn English in a short time.
Haddii u qof maalin waliba uu ku celceshanaayo, wuxuu ku baran karaa Ingiriska wakhti gaaban.


Magac-u-yaalka it mararka qaarkooda waa loo isticmaalaa wakhtiga ama jawiga ama cimidadda. Tusaale:

It is raining. Waxaa da ayaa roob.
It is ten o'clock. Waa tonban saac.


Magac-u-yaalada soo socodo waxaa loo isticmaalaa tusid lahaansho:

Magac Hortiisa Isticmaal

my (maay) kayga
your (yoor) kaaga, wixeena
his (hiz) kiisa, wixiisa
her (her) keeda, waseeda
our (awr) waxeena
their (THeyr) waxooda


Isticmaal Isaga Naf-ahaantiisa

mine (maayn) waxeyga
yours (yoorz) wixina, waxina
his (hiz) wixiisa
hers (herz) waxeeda
ours (awrz) waxanaga
theirs (THeyrz) waxooda

Tusaale:

This is my bicycle. Kani waa bashkiil-keyga.
This bicycle is mine. Bashkiil-kani, waa keygii.


Magac-u-yaalada soo socodo waa loo isticmaalaa arino gaar ah ee khasad leh:

myself (maayself) naftayda, laftayda, qudhayda
yourself (yoorself) naftada, laftada, qudhada
himself (himself) naftiisa, qudhiisa, iskii
herself (herself) nafteeda, qudheeda, iskeeda
ourselves (awrselvz) nafteena, qudheena
yourselves (yoorselvz) naftiina, qudhiina
themselves (THemselvz) naftooda, qudhooda

Tusaale:

He himself said it was true.
Isaga naftiisa ayaa yiri waxay eheed run.


Magac-u-yaalayaasha waxaa ka loo isticmaali karaa shaqsiga uu naf-ahaantiisa u ficilka sameeynaayo. Tusaale:

I washed myself. Anigu waan mayrtay.


Magac-u-yaalada soo socodo waxaa la isticmaalaa marka laba shay ama dad kulmaan mid-ba midka kale:

each other (iich aTHer) mid waliba, midka kale
one another (wan aanaTHer) mid waliba, midka kale

Tusaale:

We know each other.
Anaga waanu is-naqaanaa midkeen, midka kale.


Magac-u-yaalada soo socodo waxaa loo isticmaali karaa iyaga naf-ahaantooda ama magaca ka hore.

Magac-u-Yaalada Kaliga ah:

this (THis) kan, kanu, tan, tanu
that (THaat) kaas, kaasu, taas, taasu


Magac-u-Yaalada Wadar ah:

these (THiiz) kuwan, kuwanu, kuwani
those (THooz) kuwaas, kuwaasu, kuwaasi


This iyo these waxey tilmaamayaasha shayga qofka hadlayo u dhow. Tusaale:

This is my bicylce. Kani waa bashkiilkeyga.
These are my books. Kuwaas waa buugaagteyda.


That iyo those waxey tilmaamayaasha shayga qofka hadlayo ka fog. Tusaale:

That is his sister. Taasi waa walaashii.
Those are his shoes. Kuwaasu waa kabahiisi.


Erayada soo socodo waxaa loo isticmaalaa su 'aalaha:

How? (haw) Sida?
What? (wat) Waa maxay?
When? (wen) Goor maa
Where? (weyr) Meel-maa?
Which? (wich) Kee?
Who? (huu) Kumma?
Why? (waay) Waa-yoo?

Tusaale:

How are you? Sidee tahay?
What is happening? Waa maxaad heysaa?
When will you come? Goormaad imaan doontaa?


Magac-u-yaalka who wuxuu tilmaamayaa dadka. Tusaale:

He is the man who helped us.
Isagu waa ninkii na caawiye.


Magac-u-yaalka which inta badani waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax aan bani-aadan aay aheynin. Tusaale:

The door which is open is the door of their house.
Albaabka furan waa albaabka gurigooda.


Erayga that mararka qaarkooda waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida who ama which. Tusaale:

He is the man that helped us.
The door that is open is the door of their house.


Halkan waxaad ku aragtaan tusaalooyin xidhiidhiyasha:

and (aand) iyo
both (booth) ... and (aand) labaduba ... iyo
but (bat) lakiin
or (oor) ama, amase

although (olTHoo) inkastoo
because (biikaz) maxaa yeelay, maxaa wacay
if (if) haddii

Tusaale:

Although it was raining, I walked home.
Inkastoo uu roob da 'ayey waan u lugeeyi gurigi.

Both I and my brother will come.
Labadeena aniga iyo walalkey waa iman doona.


CUTUBYADII BUUGGA