Government

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=82 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>TAC - Spain - CWOL V</B><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" ><B>     |     </B></FONT><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFF80" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="TAC Spain CWOL V"><U><B>home</B></U></A></FONT></div> <div> <B>Government</B>   |   <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Military"><U><B>Military</B></U></A>   |   <A HREF="id20.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Campaigns"><U><B>Campaigns</B></U></A>   |   <A HREF="id21.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cuba"><U><B>Cuba</B></U></A>   |   <A HREF="id30.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Diario de La Habana"><U><B>Diario de La Habana</B></U></A></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#FFCC66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> Brief biographic info about the politicians and military commanders of the period. A good reading to better understand the period.</div> </td> <td valign="top" height=398 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <I><B>Government</B></I></div> <bR> <div> <B>(STILL WORKING ON THIS!)</B></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Isabel II </B><B> Madrid 10-10-1830 - París 9-4-1904 </B></div> <div> <B>Queen 1833 - 1868 </B></div> <bR> <div> The daughter of Fernando VII and his fourth wife, Maria Cristina de Borbón, was crowned queen at 3 years, after the death of her father in September of 1833. In order to reach the crown, King Fernando had to abolish the Law Sálica (a Law that only allowed males to be crowned) and to promulgate the Pragmatic Sanction, which was not admitted by his brother Carlos Maria Isidro, who became the leader of absolutism and selfproclaimed king of Spain as Carlos V. The governing queen, Doña Maria Cristina, looked for the support of the liberal causing the outbreak of the First Carlista War, (a civil war between "Carlistas", followers of selfproclaimed King Carlos and an absolutist idea, and "Liberales", followers of the Constitutional Queen), conflict that would finalize with the Vergara Agreement (1839) between Generals Espartero and Maroto. </div> <bR> <div> In the period that includes the minority of age of the young Isabel two regencies follow one another. In the first place the one of its mother, who includes between 1833-1840, moment at which the Royal Statute of 1834 was promulgated, the Desamortización de Mendizabal in 1836 was carried out and the Constitution of 1837 was promulgated, of progressive character. In 1840 will be the general Espartero who occupies the regency during a period of three years, developing a policy of more progressive will.</div> <bR> <div> To the 13 years Isabel was declared of legal age and initiates his personal reign. One of the first questions she faced was her marriage, being chosen her cousin Don Francisco de Asís de Borbón and Borbón, Duke of Cadiz. The wedding was celebrated in 1846 and from this union eleven children will be born which only four will reach the marriage age: Isabel, Alfonso, Maria de la Paz and Eulalia. </div> <bR> <div> In May of 1844 general Narváez had been chosen president of the Cabinet, beginning the called Moderate Decade. In these ten years the Constitution of 1845 was promulgated, the Mon's fiscal reform was made and the <B>desamortizator</B> process was tranquilized. In 1854 one of the numerous conspiracies that define the Spanish XIX century takes place : the Vicalvarada, that precedes to the July Revolution. The progressives are called to occupy the power, being <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#111111" FACE="Arial" >Espartero </FONT>the chosen one to form government. He inaugurated the Progressive Biennium, moment at which the Constitution of 1856 was processed - not promulgated- and was carried out the general "<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><B>desamortización</B></FONT>" of Madoz. </div> <bR> <div> The "progresismo" had to give entry in 1856 to a new moderate government into the hands of general <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><B>O´Donnell</B></FONT>, recovering Constitution of 1845. The alternancy benefits to moderate and members of the Liberal Union, governing these last ones between 1858-1864. The progressives were put aside of the power and initiated an intense work to overthrow the queen. </div> <bR> <div> The signature of the Pact of Ostende in August of 1866, in that general Juan Prim participated among others, will take to the union of progressives and democrats and the outbreak of the Revolution of 1868, known as the Glorious One. (In order to have an idea of the political <I><B>precariedad</B></I> that was lived in the reign of Doña Isabel II it is interesting to know that were 32 named heads of cabinet, some of them remaining in the power only 24 hours like the Count of Cleonard in 1849). Although politically speaking Spain lived on crisis, during the reign of Isabel II the country started its particular bourgeois liberal revolution. The communications were developed starting with the inauguration of the first railway line in the peninsula between Barcelona-Mataró, impelling the construction of the railroad from 1850. The capitalist society will have a fort yet impulse the legal framework that was developed at those moments, like the Law of Stock Market of 1846 or the Law on constitution of banks of issue of 1848. That same year the Penal Code was promulgated and four years before the Civil Guard had been created, which indicates the interest of the liberal governors by regulating the public order. As far as the foreign policy, during the reign of Isabel II the Spanish decay in the European policy was confirmed that began to show in the reigns of Carlos IV and Fernando VII. The expansion by North Africa gave rise to confrontations like the War of Morocco in 1860. The relations with Santa Sede were characterized by the difficulties until the signature of the Concordato of 1851, by which Rome recognized Isabel queen of Spain and the ecclesiastical desamortización in exchange for the important role played by the Church in education was admitted. Indeed in this field " law Moyano " emphasized the law of public instruction of 9 of September of 1857 call. </div> <bR> <div> After the triumphant revolution of 1868 the Queen starts off for exile and looks for refuge in France, settling in Paris. The marriage decides to separate friendly - from the first moment an anecdote was alluded to the homosexuality of Don Francisco de Asís, being famous on its allusive night of weddings to its underclothes, considering that took to the king more finishing nails than the own queen and Doña Isabel takes possession from the call Palace of Castile, where will abdicate in favor of its son Alfonso in 1870. </div> <bR> <div> She fixed his residence in Paris happening brief seasons in Spanish land. She was in the French capital where she passes away, after receiving the visit of Doña Eugenia de Montijo, the widow of Napoleon III.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Spanish Cabinet from 1,858 to 1,863</B></div> <bR> <div> <B>(Formed in 6/30/1858)</B></div> <div> <I><B>Prime Minister</B></I><B>: </B>Leopoldo O' Donnell y Jornis <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1809-1867)</U></FONT>.</div> <div> <I><B>Minister of State:</B></I><I> </I>Saturnino Calderón Collantes <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1799?-1864)</U></FONT>.</div> <div> <I><B>Minister of the Treasury:</B></I><I> </I>Pedro Salaverría Charitu <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1810-1896)</U></FONT></div> <div> <I><B>Minister of Justice:</B></I><I> </I>Santiago Fernández Negrete<I> </I></div> <div> <I><B>Minister of Interior:</B></I><I> </I>José Posada Herrera <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1815-1885)</U></FONT>.</div> <div> <I><B>Minister of War:</B></I><I> </I>Leopoldo O' Donnell y Jornis <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1809-1867)</U></FONT>.</div> <div> <I><B>Minister of the Navy</B></I><I>:</I> José Mac-Crohon <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1803-1860)</U></FONT>, later Juan de Zabala <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1804-1879)</U></FONT></div> <div> <I><B>Minister of Industry</B></I><I>: </I>Antonio Aguilar Correa (Marqués de la Vega de Armijo) <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1824-1908)</U></FONT>.</div> <div> <I><B>Minister of the Colonies</B></I><B>:</B> Leopoldo O' Donnell y Jornis <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="Arial" ><U>(1809-1867)</U></FONT>.</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Leopoldo O'Donnell y Jornis (1809-1867). Prime Minister in the period.</B></div> <bR> <div> Liberal constitutionalist and political military man. He was born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands) the 12 of January of 1809, of Irish heritage. Having exploded, after the death of Fernando VII, the First Carlista War (1833), he chose to volunteer himself  in the ranks of the Cristino (Liberal) army, in spite of having brothers in the Carlist (Absolutist) side. </div> <bR> <div> His flashing ascents in the military hierarchy were because his deeds in campaign throughout that civil war. His participation in the action of Lumbier was worth the promotion to colonel and, after the Day of Unzá, he obtained the Brigade General degree. In June of 1837 he decisively contributed to calm the revolt of Hernani, which was worth him the promotion to field marshal. In 1839 he was appointed in command of the Army of the Center, that took attached the position of commander in chief of Aragón, Valencia, and Murcia, when he was only thirty years old. </div> <bR> <div> From this position his military actions went against the Carlistas established in the Maestrazgo and Bajo Aragón, forcing to Cabrera to raise the site of Lucena. This action was accompanied by its ascent to lieutenant general, granting him the title of Count of Lucena. As the result of the Agreement of Vergara, and in agreement with Espartero, all his actions went against the army of Cabrera; but, due to his political inclinations in favor of the Moderates, he was forced to emigrate to France, after the progressive revolution of September of 1840 that caused the resignation of Maria Cristina de Borbón to the Regency. </div> <bR> <div> In the spring of 1842 he presided the created Spanish Military Order in Paris, nucleus of organization of the exilated moderate military who conspired against the progressive government of Madrid, and looked for the reestablishment of the Regency of the mother of Isabel II. In 1844, installed Narváez in the power, was named commander in chief of La Havana (Cuba), position in which he remained until 1848. After his return to the Peninsula he was named senator and General Commander of the Infantry. </div> <bR> <div> His political protagonism began in 1853. O'Donnell headed the military uprising of 1854 that, at first, only looked for to cause a ministerial change. The 29 of June were put to the front of the cavalry rebeled in the Field of Guards. After the indecisive encounter of Vicálvaro he gave the famous "Manifiesto of Manzanares" in the 6 of July, that extending and radicalizing the objectives of the revolution, generalized this one by all the nation. Finally capitalized the movement by the Progresism, and ordered Espartero to preside the Cabinet, O'Donnell had to share with that party the government responsibilities during the Progressive Biennium, occupying the Secretary of War.</div> <bR> <div> A new party, of centrist character, the Liberal Union, that wanted to remain equidistant as much of the Moderates as of the pure Progresists, turned O'Donnell into its head and unquestionable leader. After the resignation of Espartero, ODonell formed the first Unionist Government. From the presidency of this government he ended the sessions of the Parliament, dissolved the National Military service and restored the moderate constitution of 1845, accompanied by an additional Act that reflected some preoccupation to conserve certain progressive conquests. The 10 of October of 1856 were forced to resign, due to the opposition of the historical moderates to his policy. He was replaced in the Presidency of the Cabinet by Narváez, which supposed the return to the integrity of the politic regime of 1845. Nevertheless, it returned to the Presidency of the Government, occupying in addition the Secretary of War, in 1858 July, beginning then a period of uninterrupted government of the Liberal Union that was extended until 1863. </div> <bR> <div> In this period <B>it is possible to emphasize </B>the boom of the railroads and the war against Morocco. In this last one, declared in October of 1859, O'Donnell took the personal control of the army, occupying Tetuán (February of 1860). The Treaty of Tetuán that ended the war recognized the Spanish positions in North Africa, and extended the dominion of Ceuta. This action was worth him the title of Duke of Tetuán. He presented the resignation in February of 1863, before the pressure of the Moderate Party.</div> <bR> <div> The problems originated by the events of the Night of San Daniel, again took him to preside the government in 1865. In his new mandate he uselessly tried to refund the Progresism in the political game, and repressed the exploded revolution of June of 1866 in Madrid. Replaced by Narváez again in that year, he was transferred to Biarritz because health problems, passing away soon after (5-XI-1867).</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>